Due to their extensive applications in pharmaceuticals and natural substances, organic synthesis and heterocyclic compounds have been at the forefront of research for many years. Pyrimidine is one of the heterocyclic compounds that have various derivatives with promising biological and pharmacological properties. This review article covers the synthesis and biological effects of pyrimidine derivatives, such as pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines, pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines, and furo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines. The compounds discussed in this review have a wide range of biological activities. Recent advances in green chemistry have led to the development of eco‐friendly synthetic methods for producing these bioactive heterocycles. This review aims to present various synthetic methods and biological effects of these compounds and provide new opportunities for organic chemists to develop potent nitrogen‐ and oxygen‐containing heterocycles for future applications. The review highlights examples of successful syntheses and applications of pyrimidine derivatives in the fields of antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, enzyme inhibition, and antiviral research.

中文翻译：

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呋喃、吡喃和吡啶并[2,3-d]嘧啶：合成和医药应用的综合综述

由于有机合成和杂环化合物在药物和天然物质中的广泛应用，多年来一直处于研究的前沿。嘧啶是杂环化合物之一，其多种衍生物具有良好的生物学和药理学特性。这篇综述文章涵盖了嘧啶衍生物的合成和生物效应，例如吡喃并[2,3‐d]嘧啶、吡啶并[2,3‐d]嘧啶和呋喃[2,3‐d]嘧啶。本综述中讨论的化合物具有广泛的生物活性。绿色化学的最新进展促进了生产这些生物活性杂环化合物的环保合成方法的发展。本综述旨在介绍这些化合物的各种合成方法和生物效应，并为有机化学家开发有效的含氮和氧杂环化合物以供未来应用提供新的机会。该综述重点介绍了嘧啶衍生物在抗菌、抗真菌、抗癌、酶抑制和抗病毒研究领域的成功合成和应用实例。