The current study explores the interplay between central and peripheral processes in second language (L2) handwriting among bilinguals with diverse orthographic backgrounds. Our investigation delves into the cross-linguistic transfer effect in Spanish–English and Chinese–English bilinguals, emphasizing lexical frequency and phoneme-grapheme (P-O) consistency in spelling-to-dictation and immediate copying tasks. Results reveal that the interaction between central and peripheral processes in L2 handwritten production is shaped by the bilinguals' native language (L1) orthographic characteristics. Spanish–English bilinguals exhibited sensitivity to P-O consistency and the spread of this effect from central to peripheral processes throughout both tasks. Conversely, Chinese–English bilinguals showed heightened sensitivity to lexical frequency during orthographic planning and motor execution, particularly in the immediate copying task. In a broader context, these findings suggest that the parallel and cascading coordination of the L2 writing system is modulated by cross-linguistic variations. The implications of our findings hold relevance for handwriting production and bilingualism research.

中文翻译：

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L2 手写书写过程中中央和外围处理的相互作用：来自跨语言变异的证据

当前的研究探讨了具有不同拼写背景的双语者第二语言（L2）笔迹的中央和外围过程之间的相互作用。我们的研究深入研究了西班牙语-英语和汉语-英语双语者的跨语言迁移效应，强调拼写到听写和即时抄写任务中的词汇频率和音素-字素（PO）一致性。结果表明，第二语言手写输出中的中央和外围过程之间的相互作用是由双语者的母语（L1）拼写特征决定的。西班牙语-英语双语者对 PO 一致性表现出敏感性，并且这种效应在这两项任务中从中央过程到外围过程的传播。相反，汉英双语者在拼写计划和运动执行过程中对词汇频率表现出更高的敏感性，特别是在即时抄写任务中。在更广泛的背景下，这些发现表明第二语言书写系统的并行和级联协调受到跨语言变化的调节。我们的研究结果对手写书写和双语研究具有重要意义。