Do bilinguals have similar bilingual control mechanisms in speaking and writing? The present study investigated the patterns of switch costs (reflecting reactive language control) and mixing costs (reflecting proactive language control) between Chinese (L1) and English (L2) in spoken and written productions and whether these patterns could be modulated by response-stimulus intervals (RSIs). In two experiments, unbalanced Chinese–English bilinguals completed a cued language switching task in spoken naming (Experiment 1) and written naming (Experiment 2), respectively. The results revealed asymmetrical switch costs (i.e., the larger cost in L1 than in L2) in spoken and written productions in the short RSI condition. However, there were asymmetrical mixing costs in spoken production and symmetrical mixing costs in written production both in the short and long RSIs. These findings suggest that for spoken and written productions, reactive language control operates in similar mechanisms, while proactive language control operates in specific mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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口语和书面作品中的通用模态和特定模态双语控制机制

双语者在口语和写作方面是否有类似的双语控制机制？本研究调查了口语和书面作品中汉语（L1）和英语（L2）之间的转换成本（反映反应性语言控制）和混合成本（反映主动语言控制）模式，以及这些模式是否可以通过反应刺激来调节间隔（RSI）。在两个实验中，不平衡的汉英双语者分别完成了口头命名（实验1）和书面命名（实验2）的提示语言切换任务。结果揭示了在短 RSI 条件下口语和书面作品中的不对称转换成本（即 L1 中的成本高于 L2 中的成本）。然而，在短期和长期 RSI 中，口语生产中存在不对称混合成本，书面生产中存在对称混合成本。这些发现表明，对于口语和书面作品，反应性语言控制以类似的机制运行，而主动性语言控制以特定的机制运行。