Protected areas (PAs) are central to sustainability targets, yet few evaluations explore outcomes for both conservation and development, or the trade-offs involved. We applied counterfactual analyses to assess the extent to which PAs maintained forest cover and influenced well-being across >31,000 villages in Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia. We examined multidimensional aspects of well-being, tracking education, health, living standards, infrastructure, environment, and social cohesion in treatment and control villages between 2005 and 2018. Overall, PAs were effective at maintaining forest cover compared to matched controls and were not detrimental to well-being. However, impacts were highly heterogeneous, varying by island and strictness of protection. While health, living standards, and infrastructure aspects of well-being improved, education access, environmental conditions, and social cohesion declined. Our analysis reveals the contexts through which individual PAs succeed or fail in delivering multiple benefits and provides insights into where further on-ground support is needed to achieve conservation and development objectives.

中文翻译：

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改善印度尼西亚保护区的福祉并减少森林砍伐


保护区 (PA) 是可持续发展目标的核心，但很少有评估探讨保护和发展的结果或所涉及的权衡。我们应用反事实分析来评估保护区在多大程度上维持了森林覆盖并影响了印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛和加里曼丹超过 31,000 个村庄的福祉。我们研究了 2005 年至 2018 年间治疗村和对照村的福祉的多维方面，跟踪了教育、健康、生活水平、基础设施、环境和社会凝聚力。总体而言，与匹配对照相比，保护区在维持森林覆盖方面有效，但没有达到预期效果。有损福祉。然而，影响是高度异质的，因岛屿和保护严格程度而异。虽然健康、生活水平和基础设施方面的福祉有所改善，但教育机会、环境条件和社会凝聚力却下降了。我们的分析揭示了各个保护区在提供多种效益方面成功或失败的背景，并提供了有关需要进一步实地支持以实现保护和发展目标的见解。