Neutrinos are known to play important roles in many astrophysical scenarios from the early period of the big bang to current stellar evolution being a unique messenger of the fusion reactions occurring in the center of our sun. In particular, neutrinos are crucial in determining the dynamics and the composition evolution in explosive events such as core-collapse supernovae and the merger of two neutron stars. In this paper, we review the current understanding of supernovae and binary neutron star mergers by focusing on the role of neutrinos therein. Several recent improvements on the theoretical modeling of neutrino interaction rates in nuclear matter as well as their impact on the heavy element nucleosynthesis in the supernova neutrino-driven wind are discussed, including the neutrino–nucleon opacity at the mean field level taking into account the relativistic kinematics of nucleons, the effect due to the nucleon–nucleon correlation, and the nucleon–nucleon bremsstrahlung. We also review the framework used to compute the neutrino–nucleus interactions and the up-to-date yield prediction for isotopes from neutrino nucleosynthesis occurring in the outer envelope of the supernova progenitor star during the explosion. Here improved predictions of energy spectra of supernova neutrinos of all flavors have had significant impact on the nucleosynthesis yields. Rapid progresses in modeling the flavor oscillations of neutrinos in these environments, including several novel mechanisms for collective neutrino oscillations and their potential impacts on various nucleosynthesis processes are summarized.

中文翻译：

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中微子和元素的核合成


众所周知，中微子在许多天体物理场景中发挥着重要作用，从大爆炸的早期到当前的恒星演化，中微子是太阳中心发生聚变反应的独特信使。特别是，中微子对于确定爆炸事件（例如核心塌缩超新星和两颗中子星的合并）的动力学和成分演化至关重要。在本文中，我们重点关注中微子在其中的作用，回顾了目前对超新星和双中子星合并的理解。讨论了核物质中微子相互作用速率理论模型的一些最新改进及其对超新星中微子驱动风中重元素核合成的影响，包括考虑相对论性的平均场水平的中微子-核子不透明度核子运动学、核子-核子相关性效应以及核子-核子轫致辐射。我们还回顾了用于计算中微子-核相互作用的框架，以及爆炸期间超新星祖星外层发生的中微子核合成同位素的最新产量预测。这里改进的各种超新星中微子能谱的预测对核合成产量产生了重大影响。总结了在这些环境中中微子风味振荡建模的快速进展，包括集体中微子振荡的几种新机制及其对各种核合成过程的潜在影响。