Longitudinal ventilation is widely used for smoke control in tunnel fires. This paper proposes and numerically investigates a novel ventilation scheme for tunnel smoke control that can automatically adjust its ventilation velocity in real time and in which the concepts of the Internet of Things (IoTs) and the Automatic Control (AC) are applied. Specifically, a sensor network and the PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control algorithm are organically combined to output real-time transient velocity. The sensor network detects the smoke and the collected information is input into the controller, so the closed-loop control is finally formed. A numerical simulation algorithm is developed to examine the proposed smoke control method, in which the sensor network, the automatic algorithm and the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) are coupled. Two types of sensors are used to form the sensor networks and their performance is compared. The simulation result shows that the smoke detector network has better control performance than the heat detector network. In addition, scenarios with different fire locations are investigated, showing that the smoke can be well controlled regardless of the studied interval distance between the fire source and the key zone that needs to be protected. Both the start-up time of the controller and the stabilization time of the whole system are proportional to the distance between the fire and the key zone. Finally, the comparison of the time-averaged quasi-steady state ventilation velocity as acquired by the proposed real-time ventilation system to experimental data as obtained for a constant ventilation-based system shows good agreement, illustrating that the simulation results are reliable.

中文翻译：

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基于新型传感器网络的隧道实时自动纵向通风排烟系统：数值研究

纵向通风广泛用于隧道火灾的防烟。本文提出并数值研究了一种应用物联网（IoT）和自动控制（AC）概念的新型隧道防烟通风方案，该方案可以实时自动调节通风速度。具体来说，将传感器网络与PID（比例积分微分）控制算法有机结合，输出实时瞬态速度。传感器网络检测烟雾，并将收集到的信息输入控制器，最终形成闭环控制。开发了一种数值模拟算法来检验所提出的烟雾控制方法，其中将传感器网络、自动算法和火灾动力学模拟器（FDS）耦合起来。使用两种类型的传感器组成传感器网络并比较它们的性能。仿真结果表明，烟雾探测器网络比热探测器网络具有更好的控制性能。此外，对不同火灾地点的场景进行了调查，结果表明，无论研究的火源与需要保护的重点区域之间的间隔距离如何，烟雾都能得到很好的控制。控制器的启动时间和整个系统的稳定时间都与火灾与重点区域的距离成正比。最后，将所提出的实时通风系统获得的时间平均准稳态通风速度与恒定通风系统获得的实验数据进行比较，显示出良好的一致性，表明模拟结果是可靠的。