Ring roads, as candidate cordons, provide a convenient condition for implementing cordon tolling schemes. This paper presents a methodology for investigating the ring road investment and cordon tolling problems in a congested ring-radial city. A two-dimensional urban system equilibrium for a ring-radial city is first formulated, in which interrelated equilibria among stakeholders, including the authorities, property developers, households and commuters, are explicitly considered. Two social welfare maximization models for optimizing the ring road investment and cordon tolling schemes, a short-sighted and a far-sighted one, are then proposed. In the short-sighted model, the ring road investment decision is first made, and then the cordon tolling scheme is optimized based on the determined ring road locations as candidate cordons. However, in the far-sighted model, a simultaneous decision of the ring road investment and cordon tolling is made. The proposed models explicitly incorporate the estimation of the intra-area travel. A case study applied to the city network of Chengdu China shows that ring road investment and cordon tolling can reshape the urban spatial structure as a result of the tug-of-war between the dispersion effects due to ring road investment and the concentration effects due to cordon tolling. The far-sighted solution entails building more ring roads than the short-sighted solution, and is closer to the social optimum solution. Whether all ring roads are tolled, or just one, the far-sighted solution yields an appreciably higher welfare gain. The optimal single-cordon tolling scheme performs nearly as well as the optimal multi-cordon tolling scheme in terms of the social welfare. Ignoring the household residential relocation behavior leads to underestimates of total cordon toll revenue and welfare gain.

中文翻译：

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环路投资、警戒线收费与城市空间结构

环城公路作为候选警戒线，为实施警戒线收费方案提供了便利条件。本文提出了一种调查拥堵的环放射状城市环路投资和警戒线收费问题的方法。首先提出了环形辐射城市的二维城市系统均衡，其中明确考虑了当局、房地产开发商、家庭和通勤者等利益相关者之间的相互关联均衡。然后提出了两种优化环路投资和警戒线收费方案的社会福利最大化模型，一种是短视模型，一种是远视模型。在短视模型中，首先做出环路投资决策，然后根据确定的环路位置作为候选警戒线，优化警戒线收费方案。然而，在远见模型中，环路投资和警戒线收费是同时决策的。所提出的模型明确地纳入了区域内旅行的估计。以成都城市网络为例表明，环路投资的分散效应与警戒线收费的集中效应之间的拉锯战，使得环路投资和警戒线收费能够重塑城市空间结构。警戒线收费。远视解决方案比短视解决方案需要修建更多的环路，并且更接近社会最优解决方案。无论是所有环路还是仅一条环路收费，有远见的解决方案都会带来明显更高的福利收益。最优的单警戒线收费方案在社会福利方面几乎与最优的多警戒线收费方案一样。忽视家庭住宅搬迁行为会导致警戒线通行费总收入和福利收益的低估。