In Hesbaye region (Belgium) with a loamy soil and under temperate climatic condition, winter wheat is a key component of agricultural rotations. As part of these rotations, soil management is a known driver of soil fertility and carbon storage. However, it could also influence the weed flora. In this study, the long-term effect of four soil management on the expressed and potential weed flora was examined. Soil management levers were i) the export (OUT) or restitution (IN) of crop residues and ii) the burial of residues by conventional tillage (mouldboard ploughing 25 cm depth, CT) or reduced tillage (cultivator ploughing 10 cm depth, RT). The weed seedbank and expressed flora in winter wheat were characterized. Weed diversity was assessed using the Richness and the Shannon diversity index. Then, the impact of flora and management on yield were investigated. Tillage management showed little impact on weed diversity with only a slight increase in diversity in reduced tillage. However, reduced tillage resulted in a higher weed seedling density and a higher weed density than conventional tillage, which indirectly led to yield losses. Exporting residues had no clear effect on weeds. In conclusion, within cropping systems based on the cultivation of wheat, reduced tillage can pose problems for the long-term management of the weed flora, and great attention has to be paid to its management.

中文翻译：

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长期耕作和残茬管理对杂草区系的影响及其对冬小麦发育的影响

在赫斯巴耶地区（比利时），土壤肥沃，气候温和，冬小麦是农业轮作的重要组成部分。作为这些轮作的一部分，土壤管理是土壤肥力和碳储存的已知驱动因素。然而，它也可能影响杂草菌群。在这项研究中，检查了四种土壤管理对表达和潜在杂草菌群的长期影响。土壤管理手段包括：i) 农作物残留物的输出 (OUT) 或归还 (IN)；ii) 通过常规耕作（犁耕 25 厘米深度，CT）或减少耕作（中耕犁耕 10 厘米深度，RT）埋藏残留物。 。对冬小麦中的杂草种子库和表达菌群进行了表征。使用丰富度和香农多样性指数评估杂草多样性。然后，研究了植物区系和管理对产量的影响。耕作管理对杂草多样性影响不大，少耕时多样性仅略有增加。但减少耕作导致杂草苗密度和杂草密度均高于常规耕作，间接导致产量损失。出口残留物对杂草没有明显影响。总之，在以小麦为主的耕作制度中，少耕会给杂草区系的长期管理带来问题，必须高度重视。