The substantia nigra (SN), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and red nucleus (RN) have been widely studied as important biomarkers of degenerative diseases. However, how they develop in childhood and adolescence and are affected by emotional behavior has not been studied thus far. This population-based longitudinal cohort study used data from a representative sample followed two to five times. Emotional and behavioral problems were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Linear mixed models were used to map developmental trajectories and behavioral regulation. Using an innovative automated image segmentation technique, we quantified the volumes and asymmetries of the SN, STN and RN with 1226 MRI scans of a large longitudinal sample of 667 subjects aged 6–15 years and mapped their developmental trajectories. The results showed that the absolute and relative volumes of the bilateral SN and right STN showed linear increases, while the absolute volume of the right RN and relative volume of the bilateral RN decreased linearly, these effects were not affected by gender. Hyperactivity/inattention weakened the increase in SN volume and reduced the absolute volume of the STN, conduct problems impeded the RN volume from decreasing, and emotional symptoms changed the direction of SN lateralization. This longitudinal cohort study mapped the developmental trajectories of SN, STN, and RN volumes and asymmetries from childhood to adolescence, and found the association of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, and hyperactivity/inattention with these trajectories, providing guidance for preventing and intervening in cognitive and emotional behavioral problems.

黑质（SN）、丘脑底核（STN）和红核（RN）作为退行性疾病的重要生物标志物已被广泛研究。然而，迄今为止，它们在儿童期和青春期如何发展以及如何受到情绪行为的影响尚未有研究。这项基于人群的纵向队列研究使用了代表性样本的数据，并进行了两到五次跟踪。通过优势和困难问卷（SDQ）评估情绪和行为问题。线性混合模型用于绘制发育轨迹和行为调节。使用创新的自动图像分割技术，我们对 667 名 6-15 岁受试者的大型纵向样本进行 1226 次 MRI 扫描，量化了 SN、STN 和 RN 的体积和不对称性，并绘制了他们的发育轨迹。结果显示，双侧 SN 和右侧 STN 的绝对体积和相对体积呈线性增加，而右侧 RN 的绝对体积和双侧 RN 的相对体积呈线性下降，这些效应不受性别影响。多动/注意力不集中减弱了 SN 体积的增加并减少了 STN 的绝对体积，品行问题阻碍了 RN 体积的减少，情绪症状改变了 SN 偏侧化的方向。这项纵向队列研究绘制了从儿童期到青春期的 SN、STN 和 RN 体积和不对称性的发展轨迹，并发现情绪症状、行为问题和多动/注意力不集中与这些轨迹的关联，为预防和干预认知障碍提供指导。和情绪行为问题。