Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) is an important spice crop with high market value. In this study, we describe the phenological growth stages of cardamom using a three-digit extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) scale, which includes eight principal growth stages, comprising four vegetative, two reproductive and two capsule development stages. Additionally, we identified 45 secondary stages within these principal growth stages, providing a comprehensive characterisation of the crop's growth progression, including bud development, leaf emergence, tillering and shoot development, while the reproductive stages included inflorescence emergence and flowering. The capsule development stage details the maturation process of capsules. The study also highlights the parallel occurrence of tillering, shoot development and inflorescence emergence stages during specific growth phases. The knowledge of growth stages facilitates timely interventions, optimising crop management strategies and enhancing overall crop productivity. Additionally, these findings offer valuable insights for breeding programmes and the selection of superior genotypes, contributing to the sustainable cultivation and economic viability of cardamom as an important export-oriented spice crop.

中文翻译：

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小豆蔻 (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) 的物候生长阶段：使用扩展 BBCH 量表进行详细识别和描述

小豆蔻（Elettaria cardamomum Maton）是一种重要的香料作物，具有很高的市场价值。在这项研究中，我们使用三位数扩展的 Biologische Bundesanstalt、Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) 量表描述小豆蔻的物候生长阶段，其中包括八个主要生长阶段，包括四个营养阶段、两个生殖阶段和两个胶囊发育阶段。此外，我们在这些主要生长阶段中确定了 45 个次要阶段，提供了作物生长进程的全面特征，包括芽发育、叶出现、分蘖和枝条发育，而生殖阶段包括花序出现和开花。胶囊开发阶段详细介绍了胶囊的成熟过程。该研究还强调了特定生长阶段的分蘖、枝条发育和花序出现阶段的并行发生。了解生长阶段有助于及时干预、优化作物管理策略并提高作物整体生产力。此外，这些发现为育种计划和优良基因型的选择提供了宝贵的见解，有助于小豆蔻作为重要的出口导向型香料作物的可持续种植和经济可行性。