Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a contaminant of emerging concern that is persistent in water and wastewater. At low concentrations, prolonged exposure to CBZ-containing water causes detrimental health effects to humans and may also have negative impacts on the environment. Here we critically review new treatment approaches to decrease CBZ concentrations in water and wastewater. First, we summarize the transformation pathways of CBZ in the aquatic environment and identify the corresponding products. Then, we describe the removal of CBZ and structurally-related pharmaceuticals by phototransformation, biotransformation, and adsorption processes, with an emphasis on the application of naturally- and biologically-derived nanoporous adsorbents, such as agricultural wastes, natural polymers, activated carbon, metal organic frameworks, silicas, and molecularly imprinted polymers. Biologically-derived activated carbons exhibited the highest adsorption capacities for CBZ, with adsorption predominantly occurring through hydrophobic and π–π interactions. CBZ was also effectively treated using titanium dioxide and other inorganic photocatalysts. This review not only provides a critical synthesis of state-of-the-art adsorption and degradation processes for CBZ and structurally-related pharmaceuticals, but also proposes knowledge gaps and future research directions.

中文翻译：

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用纳米多孔吸附剂和光催化剂处理水和废水中的卡马西平和其他结构相关药物：批判性评论

卡马西平 (CBZ) 是一种新出现的污染物，持久存在于水和废水中。在低浓度下，长期接触含有 CBZ 的水会对人类健康产生有害影响，还可能对环境产生负面影响。在这里，我们严格审查降低水和废水中 CBZ 浓度的新处理方法。首先，我们总结了CBZ在水生环境中的转化途径并确定了相应的产品。然后，我们描述了通过光转化、生物转化和吸附过程去除CBZ和结构相关的药物，重点是天然和生物衍生的纳米多孔吸附剂的应用，例如农业废物、天然聚合物、活性炭、金属有机框架、二氧化硅和分子印迹聚合物。生物源活性炭对 CBZ 表现出最高的吸附能力，吸附主要通过疏水性和 π-π 相互作用发生。使用二氧化钛和其他无机光催化剂也可以有效处理 CBZ。该综述不仅对 CBZ 和结构相关药物的最先进吸附和降解过程进行了关键综合，而且还提出了知识差距和未来的研究方向。