Cities implemented park-and-ride (PNR) systems to decrease congestion in dense urban areas while providing transit options to travelers who live in a city's low- to medium-density regions. The success of PNR systems is mixed, as they suffer from several disadvantages, namely, the uncertainty of parking locations and infrequent and/or unreliable transit services, and the fact that travelers still need to walk to their destination. Motivated by the premise of PNR systems and the potential of automated vehicles (AVs), to address each of the shortcomings of PNR systems, this study proposes a future system with near-ubiquitous AVs where travelers transfer from privately owned AVs (PAVs) to shared-use, shared-ride AVs (SAVs), called a PAV-SAV transfer system. This study proposes a modeling framework to assess the potential market share of the PAV-SAV transfer system and the network impacts (e.g., congestion, vehicle miles traveled) of the proposed system. Finally, the study identifies good designs for the PAV-SAV transfer system using scenario analysis. The critical design variables are the location of transfer stations, the capacity of SAVs, and the transfer station connector links. For the Greater Los Angeles area, the computational results show a market share for PAV-SAV of almost 18% for person trips terminating in downtown Los Angeles. In all scenarios, the proposed PAV-SAV system decreases vehicle hours traveled (VHT) across the whole network with significant decreases in the urban core. For all designs, the PAV-SAV system decreases vehicle miles traveled (VMT) compared to a network without PAV-SAV transfer stations, albeit only slightly. Locating transfer stations closer to the urban core, increasing vehicle capacities, and connecting transfer stations to both arterial links and highway links improves network performance (i.e., VMT and VHT) and increases the market share of the PAV-SAV system.

中文翻译：

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通过私人到共享 AV 中转站重新构想自动驾驶汽车 (AV) 时代的停车换乘概念

城市实施停车换乘 (PNR) 系统，以减少密集城市地区的拥堵，同时为居住在城市中低密度地区的旅行者提供交通选择。PNR 系统的成功好坏参半，因为它们有几个缺点，即停车位置的不确定性、交通服务不频繁和/或不可靠，以及旅行者仍然需要步行到目的地。受 PNR 系统前提和自动驾驶车辆 (AV) 潜力的启发，为了解决 PNR 系统的每个缺点，本研究提出了一种未来系统，自动驾驶汽车几乎无处不在，旅客可以从私人拥有的自动驾驶汽车 (PAV) 转移到共享自动驾驶汽车 (PAV)。 - 使用共享乘车 AV (SAV)，称为 PAV-SAV 传输系统。本研究提出了一个建模框架来评估 PAV-SAV 传输系统的潜在市场份额以及所提议系统的网络影响（例如拥堵、车辆行驶里程）。最后，该研究通过场景分析确定了 PAV-SAV 传输系统的良好设计。关键的设计变量是转运站的位置、SAV 的容量以及转运站连接器链路。对于大洛杉矶地区，计算结果显示，对于以洛杉矶市中心为终点站的个人旅行，PAV-SAV 的市场份额接近 18%。在所有场景中，所提出的 PAV-SAV 系统都减少了整个网络的车辆行驶时间 (VHT)，其中城市核心区的行驶时间显着减少。对于所有设计，与没有 PAV-SAV 中转站的网络相比，PAV-SAV 系统会减少车辆行驶里程 (VMT)，尽管幅度很小。将换乘站设置在靠近城市核心的位置，增加车辆容量，并将换乘站连接到干线和高速公路，可以​​提高网络性能（即VMT和VHT）并增加PAV-SAV系统的市场份额。