Guided by psychological reactance theory, we examined the effects of language features on arousing reactance and communication outcomes. Results of a 2 (controllingness; high/low) × 2 (concreteness; concrete/abstract) × 2 (restoration postscript; present/absent) × 3 (accent; Standard American English [SAE]/Indian [non-SAE]/text-based message) between-subjects design ( N = 1,099, studies 1 and 2), revealed high-controlling language increased freedom threat, was perceived as more explicit than low-controlling language. Concrete language was perceived as more demanding of attention, fair, and producing lesser freedom threat than abstract language. Furthermore, restoration postscripts reduced freedom threat and message explicitness, including differences in restoration postscripts for the non-SAE relative to the SAE accent. Compared to the non-SAE accent, the SAE accent was perceived as more fluent and less difficult to understand, yet elicited more anger, more negative cognitions, and was perceived as less competent (Study 2). The implications are discussed vis-à-vis social influence and intergroup communication.

中文翻译：

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语言特征和口音对心理反应激发和交际结果的影响

在心理抗拒理论的指导下，我们研究了语言特征对引起抗拒和沟通结果的影响。结果 2（控制性；高/低）× 2（具体性；具体/抽象）× 2（恢复后记；存在/不存在）× 3（口音；标准美式英语 [SAE]/印度语 [非 SAE]/文本基于信息的）受试者间设计（N = 1,099，研究 1 和 2），揭示了高控制性语言增加了自由威胁，被认为比低控制性语言更明确。具体语言被认为比抽象语言更需要关注、更公平，并且产生的自由威胁更小。此外，恢复后记减少了自由威胁和信息明确性，包括非 SAE 相对于 SAE 口音的恢复后记的差异。与非 SAE 口音相比，SAE 口音被认为更流利、更容易理解，但会引发更多愤怒、更多负面认知，并被认为能力较差（研究 2）。讨论了社会影响和群体间沟通的影响。