Handwriting deficits, or dysgraphia, are present in several neurodevelopmental disorders. To investigate whether dysgraphia differs according to the associated disorder, we performed a detailed analysis of handwriting in children with developmental coordination disorders (DCD), reading disorder (RD), or comorbid RD and DCD. Handwriting deficits were investigated at the product (quality of the trace) and the process (movement that generates the trace) levels. Nineteen children with singular RD (among which eight with dysgraphia), 13 children with singular DCD (among which seven with dysgraphia), 16 children with comorbid RD+DCD (among which 11 with dysgraphia), and 20 typically developing children, age 7 to 12, performed the BHK (Brave Handwriting Kinder) test, a standardized assessment of handwriting, on a graphic tablet. Developmental coordination disorders primarily affected handwriting quality, while RD affected slowness and, to a lesser extent, quality. Children with RD, solely or comorbid with DCD, wasted time by lifting and stopping the pen when writing. The comorbidity added to but did not worsen, handwriting difficulties. These results reflect distinct motor impairments and/or strategies in children with DCD or RD. We identified subtypes of dysgraphia and advocated for a fine-grained analysis of the writing process and the assessment of motor and reading skills when studying dysgraphia.

中文翻译：

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患有发育性协调障碍和/或阅读障碍的儿童的书写障碍不同


书写缺陷或书写障碍存在于几种神经发育障碍中。为了调查书写障碍是否因相关疾病而异，我们对患有发育协调障碍 （DCD） 、阅读障碍 （RD） 或共病 RD 和 DCD 的儿童的笔迹进行了详细分析。在产品 （痕迹的质量） 和过程 （产生痕迹的移动） 层面调查了笔迹缺陷。19 名患有单一 RD 的儿童（其中 8 名患有书写障碍）、13 名患有单一 DCD 的儿童（其中 7 名患有书写障碍）、16 名患有共病 RD+DCD 的儿童（其中 11 名患有书写障碍）和 20 名 7 至 12 岁正常发育的儿童在绘图板上进行了 BHK（勇敢笔迹健儿）测试，这是一种对笔迹的标准化评估。发育协调障碍主要影响笔迹质量，而 RD 影响速度缓慢，在较小程度上影响质量。患有 RD 的儿童，无论是单独还是共病 DCD，在书写时都因抬起和停止笔而浪费时间。合并症增加了书写困难，但没有恶化。这些结果反映了 DCD 或 RD 儿童不同的运动障碍和/或策略。我们确定了书写障碍的亚型，并主张在研究书写障碍时对写作过程以及运动和阅读技能的评估进行细粒度分析。