Aims and objectives:What exactly happens to a mixed language’s system in a multilingual contact setting? This study aims to investigate the interactions between speakers’ exposure to, frequency of, and proficiency in four languages (English, Tagalog, Hokkien, and Mandarin) and their influences on the why-fronting only wh-question system of Lánnang-uè, a mixed language used by the metropolitan Manila Lannangs. It also aims to test the validity of the assertion that symbiotic mixed languages are more likely to be in flux.Methodology:The Lánnang-uè speakers participated in production and acceptability experiments.Data analysis:Likelihood to front (production) and responses to a 7-point Likert-type scale (acceptability) were the dependent variables for several Bayesian linear mixed-effects models with age, frequency of language use, and language proficiency as primary fixed effects, sociolinguistic factors (e.g., attitudes, identity) as covariates, and participant (and when appropriate, item) as a random effect.Findings:Both production and acceptability results showed that the effects of contact are numerous and far from homogeneous. They vary depending on the source language, wh-phrase type, and degree of consciousness. They corroborate the widely held belief that mixed languages are less stable in symbiotic contexts. However, this paper goes an extra step to show that this “instability” or variability is not always a consequence of contact-induced transfer. It demonstrates that when the source languages influence the stability or development of the mixed language, the effects can be diverse, encompassing aspects such as identity processes, language attitudes, structural transfer, and/or other sociolinguistic innovations.Originality:This article is one of the first studies to examine the effects of contact between multiple languages on a mixed language variable using both production and acceptability experimental data in a five-language context. It is one of the very few variationist works in the Philippines that considers the effects of multilingualism on variation and change.

中文翻译：

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混合语言不断变化？多语言接触对兰囊语wh疑问句系统的各种影响

目的和目标：在多语言接触环境中，混合语言系统到底会发生什么？本研究旨在调查说话者对四种语言（英语、他加禄语、闽南语和普通话）的接触、使用频率和熟练程度之间的相互作用，以及它们对兰囊语中仅以 wh 开头的 wh 问题系统的影响。马尼拉都市区兰南人使用的混合语言。它还旨在测试共生混合语言更有可能不断变化这一论断的有效性。方法论：兰囊语使用者参与了生产和可接受性实验。数据分析：前面（生产）的可能性和对 7 的反应点李克特量表（可接受性）是几个贝叶斯线性混合效应模型的因变量，其中年龄、语言使用频率和语言熟练程度作为主要固定效应，社会语言因素（例如态度、身份）作为协变量，参与者（以及适当时的项目）作为随机效应。调查结果：生产和可接受性结果均表明接触的影响众多且远非同质。它们根据源语言、wh 短语类型和意识程度而变化。它们证实了人们普遍持有的观点，即混合语言在共生环境中不太稳定。然而，本文进一步表明，这种“不稳定”或可变性并不总是接触引起的转移的结果。它表明，当源语言影响混合语言的稳定性或发展时，其影响是多种多样的，包括身份过程、语言态度、结构迁移和/或其他社会语言学创新等方面。 原创性：本文是其中之一第一项研究使用五种语言环境中的生产和可接受性实验数据来检验多种语言之间的接触对混合语言变量的影响。这是菲律宾极少数考虑多种语言对变异和变化影响的变异主义著作之一。