Research has investigated emotional responses to perceived political incivility but not whether aspects of emotionality may be perceived as uncivil. When politicians display or evoke anger, they may increase democratic participation; however, because manifesting or evoking some negative emotions suggests disrespect—a central component of extant conceptualizations of political incivility—displaying anger and evoking fear and anger may be perceived as aspects of incivility. We test this using confirmatory factor analysis on a national sample of over 2,000 Americans. We find an overarching construct of perceived political incivility including not only three previously identified dimensions but also a fourth dimension reflecting negative emotions including fear and anger. Despite heterogeneity in perceived incivility, about 70% or more of respondents view behaviors including trolling and intentionally evoking anger and fear as mostly or very uncivil.

中文翻译：

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不尊重的情感标志：感知政治不礼貌的第四个维度？

研究调查了人们对政治不文明行为的情绪反应，但没有调查情绪的某些方面是否可能被视为不文明行为。当政客表现出或激起愤怒时，他们可能会增加民主参与；然而，因为表现或引起一些负面情绪意味着不尊重——这是现有政治不文明概念的核心组成部分——表现出愤怒和引起恐惧和愤怒可能被视为不文明的一个方面。我们使用验证性因素分析对超过 2,000 名美国人组成的全国样本进行了测试。我们发现了感知政治不文明行为的总体结构，不仅包括先前确定的三个维度，还包括反映恐惧和愤怒等负面情绪的第四个维度。尽管对不文明行为的看法存在差异，但大约 70% 或更多的受访者认为，包括恶意攻击和故意引起愤怒和恐惧的行为大多或非常不文明。