This article uses the case of Colombia to evaluate the gendered risks of social leadership and human rights activism in territories governed by armed groups. Existing data on Colombian human rights and social leader deaths reveals that men leaders are being killed at a much higher rate than women social leaders. In this article, we delve deeper into gendered patterns of violence against men and women leaders by focusing specifically on the content of the threats these leaders receive from armed groups. We analyzed 40 qualitative interviews with men and women social leaders who have worked in nine different conflict regions of Colombia to find that armed actors target men and women leaders with uniquely gender-specific threats. These findings tell us a great deal, not only about how armed groups govern those in the territories they control, but also about the gender biases they hold about men and women leaders who challenge their authority. Although women leader deaths are less common than those of their male counterparts, the threats and violence both receive are grounded in stereotypical gender norms, and thus merit gender-sensitive, context-specific analyses and responses.

中文翻译：

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武装冲突中捍卫权利的性别风险：来自哥伦比亚的证据

本文利用哥伦比亚的案例来评估武装团体统治地区社会领导和人权活动的性别风险。关于哥伦比亚人权和社会领袖死亡的现有数据显示，男性领袖被杀的比率远高于女性社会领袖。在本文中，我们特别关注这些领导人受到武装团体威胁的内容，更深入地探讨针对男性和女性领导人的暴力行为的性别模式。我们分析了对曾在哥伦比亚九个不同冲突地区工作的男性和女性社会领袖的 40 次定性访谈，发现武装分子以独特的性别威胁针对男性和女性领导人。这些调查结果告诉我们很多信息，不仅关于武装团体如何在其控制的领土上治理人民，而且还关于他们对挑战其权威的男性和女性领导人所持有的性别偏见。尽管女性领导人的死亡不如男性领导人常见，但她们所受到的威胁和暴力都是基于陈规定型的性别规范，因此值得对性别问题有敏感认识、针对具体情况的分析和应对。