Intermittent exporting (repeatedly exiting and reentering foreign markets) is often associated with the initial stages of internationalization. However, some small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), including family firms, pursue an intermittent exporting strategy beyond the initial stages. Drawing on a refinement of the behavioral agency model (BAM) and real options reasoning, we theorize that a high level of family involvement in SMEs is positively associated with intermittent exporting. We also argue that this relationship is moderated by Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and board members with a foreign background. We test our hypotheses using a unique longitudinal dataset of Swedish SMEs in the manufacturing and retail industries.

中文翻译：

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保持选择余地：间歇性出口、家庭控制和外国背景

间歇性出口（反复退出和重新进入国外市场）通常与国际化的初始阶段有关。然而，一些中小企业（SME），包括家族企业，在初始阶段之后采取间歇性出口战略。利用行为代理模型（BAM）和实物期权推理的改进，我们推测家庭对中小企业的高度参与与间歇性出口呈正相关。我们还认为，这种关系是由具有外国背景的首席执行官（CEO）和董事会成员调节的。我们使用瑞典制造业和零售业中小企业的独特纵向数据集来测试我们的假设。