Many European nation-states were historically homogenized through violent ethnic cleansing. Despite its historical importance, we lack systematic evidence of the conditions under which groups where targeted with cleansing and how it impacted states’ ethnic demography. Rising nationalism in the nineteenth century threatened multi-ethnic states with “right-sizing” through secessionism and irredentism. States therefore frequently turned to brutal “right-peopling”, in particular where cross-border minorities and those with a history of political independence increased the risk of territorial losses. We test this argument with new spatial, time-variant data on ethnic geography and ethnic cleansing from 1886 to the present. We find that minorities that politically dominated another state and those that have lost political independence were most at risk of ethnic cleansing, especially in times of interstate war. At the macro-level, our results show that ethnic cleansing increased European states’ ethnic homogeneity almost as much as border change. Both produced today’s nation-states by aligning states and ethnic nations.

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“右派”国家：民族主义、历史遗产和欧洲的种族清洗，1886-2020

许多欧洲民族国家在历史上都通过暴力种族清洗而实现了同质化。尽管它具有重要的历史意义，但我们缺乏系统的证据来证明哪些群体成为清洗目标以及它如何影响各州的种族人口统计。十九世纪兴起的民族主义通过分裂主义和民族统一主义威胁多民族国家的“规模调整”。因此，各国经常求助于残酷的“右翼人士”，特别是在跨境少数群体和有政治独立历史的群体增加领土损失风险的情况下。我们用 1886 年至今种族地理和种族清洗的新空间、时间变化数据来检验这一论点。我们发现，在政治上主导另一个国家的少数群体和那些失去政治独立的少数群体最有可能遭受种族清洗，特别是在国家间战争时期。在宏观层面上，我们的研究结果表明，种族清洗几乎与边界变化一样增强了欧洲国家的种族同质性。两者都通过国家和民族的联合产生了今天的民族国家。