Blockchain is becoming increasingly popular in the business and academic communities because it can provide security for a wide range of applications. Therefore, researchers have been motivated to exploit blockchain characteristics, such as data immutability, transparency, and resistance to single-point failures in the Internet of Things (IoT), to increase the security of the IoT ecosystem. However, many existing blockchains rely on classical cryptosystems such as the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) and SHA-256 to validate transactions, which will be compromised by Shor and Grover’s algorithms running on quantum computers in the foreseeable future. Post-Quantum Cryptosystems (PQC) are an innovative solution for resisting quantum attacks that can be applied to blockchains, resulting in the creation of a new type of blockchain known as Post-Quantum Blockchains (PQB). In this survey, we will look at the different types of PQC and their recent standard primitives to determine whether they can enable security for blockchain-based IoT applications. It also briefly introduces blockchain and outlines recent blockchain-IoT application proposals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine how post-quantum blockchains are being developed and how they can be used to create security mechanisms for different IoT applications. Finally, this study explores the main challenges and potential research directions that arise from integrating quantum-resistance blockchains into IoT ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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物联网的后量子区块链安全：调查和研究方向


区块链在商业和学术界越来越受欢迎，因为它可以为广泛的应用程序提供安全性。因此，研究人员一直致力于利用区块链的特性，例如物联网（IoT）中的数据不变性、透明度和抗单点故障能力，以提高物联网生态系统的安全性。然而，许多现有的区块链依赖于椭圆曲线数字签名算法（ECDSA）和SHA-256等经典密码系统来验证交易，在可预见的将来，这些系统将受到在量子计算机上运行的Shor和Grover算法的损害。后量子密码系统（PQC）是一种可应用于区块链的抵抗量子攻击的创新解决方案，从而创建了一种称为后量子区块链（PQB）的新型区块链。在本次调查中，我们将研究不同类型的 PQC 及其最新的标准原语，以确定它们是否可以为基于区块链的物联网应用程序提供安全性。它还简要介绍了区块链并概述了最近的区块链物联网应用提案。据我们所知，这是第一项研究如何开发后量子区块链以及如何使用它们为不同物联网应用创建安全机制的研究。最后，本研究探讨了将量子抗性区块链集成到物联网生态系统中所面临的主要挑战和潜在的研究方向。