Sustaining yields for smallholder perennial agriculture under a rapidly changing climate regime may require consideration of landscape features and on-farm management decisions in tandem. Optimising landscape and management may not be possible for maximising yields in any one year but maintaining heterogeneous landscapes could be an important climate adaptation strategy. In this study, we observed elevation, forest patch and shade management gradients affecting smallholder coffee () yields in a ‘normal’ year versus the 2015/16 El Niño. We generally found a benefit to yields from having leguminous shade trees and low canopy openness, while maintaining diverse shade or varying canopy openness had more complex influences during a climate shock. The two years of observed climate shock were dominated by either drought or high temperatures, with yield responses generally negative. Climate projections for East Africa predict more erratic rainfall and higher temperatures, which will disproportionately impact smallholder farmers.

中文翻译：

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景观和管理对小农农林业产量的影响在气候冲击期间表现出变化

在快速变化的气候条件下维持小农多年生农业的产量可能需要同时考虑景观特征和农场管理决策。优化景观和管理可能无法在任何一年实现产量最大化，但维持异质景观可能是一项重要的气候适应策略。在这项研究中，我们观察了海拔、森林斑块和遮荫管理梯度对“正常”年份与 2015/2016 厄尔尼诺现象的小农咖啡产量的影响。我们普遍发现，豆科遮荫树和较低的树冠开放度对产量有好处，而在气候冲击期间，保持多样化的树荫或不同的树冠开放度会产生更复杂的影响。观察到的两年气候冲击主要是干旱或高温，产量反应普遍为负。东非的气候预测预计降雨量会更加不稳定，气温也会升高，这将对小农产生不成比例的影响。