Α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) are crucial for properties of synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP impairment can occur early in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The downregulation or decreased abundance of AMPAR expression in the postsynaptic membrane is closely associated with LTP impairment. Ceftriaxone (Cef) can improve LTP impairment in the early stages of AD in a mouse model. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism underlying this process from the aspects of AMPAR expression and ubiquitination degree. In this study, we found that β-amyloid (Aβ) treatment induced hippocampal LTP impairment and AMPAR downregulation and ubiquitination. Cef pretreatment ameliorated Aβ-induced hippocampal LTP impairment, reduced AMPAR ubiquitination, and increased AMPAR expression, especially in the plasma membrane, in Aβ-treated mice. Administration of USP46 siRNA and DHK (a specific blocker of glutamate transporter-1) significantly inhibited the above effects of Cef, suggesting a role for anti-AMPAR ubiquitination and upregulation of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in the Cef-induced improvements mentioned above. The above findings demonstrate that pretreatment with Cef effectively mitigated Aβ-induced impairment of hippocampal LTP by suppressing the ubiquitination process of AMPARs in a GLT-1-dependent manner. These results provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms elucidating the anti-AD by Cef.