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Novel RAF-directed approaches to overcome current clinical limits and block the RAS/RAF node
Molecular Oncology ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2024-02-16 , DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13605
Rossella Scardaci 1 , Ewa Berlinska 1 , Pietro Scaparone 1 , Sandra Vietti Michelina 1 , Edoardo Garbo 2 , Silvia Novello 2 , David Santamaria 3 , Chiara Ambrogio 1
Molecular Oncology ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2024-02-16 , DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13605
Rossella Scardaci 1 , Ewa Berlinska 1 , Pietro Scaparone 1 , Sandra Vietti Michelina 1 , Edoardo Garbo 2 , Silvia Novello 2 , David Santamaria 3 , Chiara Ambrogio 1
Affiliation
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Mutations in the RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway are frequent alterations in cancer and RASopathies, and while RAS oncogene activation alone affects 19% of all patients and accounts for approximately 3.4 million new cases every year, less frequent alterations in the cascade's downstream effectors are also involved in cancer etiology. RAS proteins initiate the signaling cascade by promoting the dimerization of RAF kinases, which can act as oncoproteins as well: BRAFV600E is the most common oncogenic driver, mutated in the 8% of all malignancies. Research in this field led to the development of drugs that target the BRAFV600-like mutations (Class I), which are now utilized in clinics, but cause paradoxical activation of the pathway and resistance development. Furthermore, they are ineffective against non-BRAFV600E malignancies that dimerize and could be either RTK/RAS independent or dependent (Class II and III, respectively), which are still lacking an effective treatment. This review discusses the recent advances in anti-RAF therapies, including paradox breakers, dimer-inhibitors, immunotherapies, and other novel approaches, critically evaluating their efficacy in overcoming the therapeutic limitations, and their putative role in blocking the RAS pathway.
中文翻译:
以 RAF 为导向的新方法克服当前临床限制并阻断 RAS/RAF 节点
RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK 通路中的突变是癌症和 RAS 病中的常见改变,虽然仅 RAS 癌基因激活就影响了所有患者的 19%,并且每年造成约 340 万新病例,但级联下游效应器的改变频率较低也涉及癌症病因学。 RAS 蛋白通过促进 RAF 激酶的二聚化来启动信号级联,RAF 激酶也可以充当癌蛋白:BRAF V600E是最常见的致癌驱动因素,在 8% 的恶性肿瘤中发生突变。该领域的研究导致了针对 BRAFV600 样突变(I 类)的药物的开发,这些药物现已用于临床,但会导致途径的反常激活和耐药性的发展。此外,它们对二聚化的非 BRAFV600E 恶性肿瘤无效,并且可能与 RTK/RAS 无关或依赖(分别为 II 类和 III 类),目前仍缺乏有效的治疗方法。这篇综述讨论了抗 RAF 疗法的最新进展,包括悖论破坏者、二聚体抑制剂、免疫疗法和其他新方法,批判性地评估了它们在克服治疗局限性方面的功效,以及它们在阻断 RAS 通路中的假定作用。
更新日期:2024-02-21
中文翻译:

以 RAF 为导向的新方法克服当前临床限制并阻断 RAS/RAF 节点
RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK 通路中的突变是癌症和 RAS 病中的常见改变,虽然仅 RAS 癌基因激活就影响了所有患者的 19%,并且每年造成约 340 万新病例,但级联下游效应器的改变频率较低也涉及癌症病因学。 RAS 蛋白通过促进 RAF 激酶的二聚化来启动信号级联,RAF 激酶也可以充当癌蛋白:BRAF V600E是最常见的致癌驱动因素,在 8% 的恶性肿瘤中发生突变。该领域的研究导致了针对 BRAFV600 样突变(I 类)的药物的开发,这些药物现已用于临床,但会导致途径的反常激活和耐药性的发展。此外,它们对二聚化的非 BRAFV600E 恶性肿瘤无效,并且可能与 RTK/RAS 无关或依赖(分别为 II 类和 III 类),目前仍缺乏有效的治疗方法。这篇综述讨论了抗 RAF 疗法的最新进展,包括悖论破坏者、二聚体抑制剂、免疫疗法和其他新方法,批判性地评估了它们在克服治疗局限性方面的功效,以及它们在阻断 RAS 通路中的假定作用。