This study investigates the perceptions of three Swedish stakeholders towards the contested use of waste incineration bottom ash as aggregates outside landfills: waste producers, users and authorities. The interview study shows that the stakeholders lack incentives to circulate bottom ash. Waste producers have a functional outlet for bottom ash by using it as landfill cover. Since the transition from gravel to crushed rock, the availability of natural aggregates is enormous in Sweden at low environmental and economic costs. This causes the potential users of bottom ash to prioritize conventional aggregates. In cases where waste-based aggregates are nevertheless used, they are taken from project-internal sources. Hence, there are few incentives for the authorities to change the currently unfavorable regulations for using bottom ash as aggregates. With unclear environmental benefits and contested interests, the rationale for circulating bottom ash appears to be driven by morality.

中文翻译：

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有争议的循环性：分析瑞典对垃圾焚烧底灰使用的看法

本研究调查了三个瑞典利益相关者对垃圾焚烧底灰作为垃圾填埋场外骨料的有争议使用的看法：废物生产者、使用者和当局。访谈研究表明，利益相关者缺乏循环底灰的动力。废物生产者通过将其用作垃圾填埋场覆盖物，可以有效地排出底灰。自从从砾石过渡到碎石以来，瑞典天然骨料的供应量巨大，且环境和经济成本较低。这导致底灰的潜在用户优先考虑传统骨料。如果仍然使用基于废物的骨料，则它们取自项目内部来源。因此，当局几乎没有动力去改变目前不利于使用底灰作为骨料的规定。由于环境效益不明确且利益存在争议，循环底灰的理由似乎是由道德驱动的。