Various factors affect otolaryngology - head and neck surgery (OHNS) services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); including inadequate infrastructure, limited academic positions, unfavorable hospital research policies, and traditional misconceptions about gender and surgery, among others. Although gender inequalities exist globally, they are particularly pronounced in LMICs, especially in Africa.

中文翻译：

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“眼见为实”——非洲耳鼻喉头颈外科手术中的性别差异：叙述性回顾。


多种因素影响低收入和中等收入国家 (LMIC) 的耳鼻咽喉头颈外科 (OHNS) 服务；包括基础设施不足、学术职位有限、医院研究政策不利以及对性别和手术的传统误解等。尽管性别不平等在全球范围内都存在，但在中低收入国家尤其明显，尤其是在非洲。