Perennial cropping systems begin their cycles with a pluriannual immature period. Appropriate management, including the inter-rows, is essential for the long-term viability, and productivity of the plantation while reducing the length of the unproductive period. Despite its significant economic and environmental impacts, the immature period is still poorly characterized and rarely included in the assessment of perennial cropping systems sustainability. Rubber plantations are an interesting case, as a major perennial system in the tropics. Here we conducted a systematic review to identify (1) management practices in inter-rows of immature rubber plantations; (2) the variables used in the literature to analyze the adoption drivers of these practices and to assess their effects on plantation functionalities and performances; and (3) the main effects of diversification practices on plantation functionalities and performances. The major results showed that (1) different inter-row management practices, including a diversity of crops, are possible during the immature period; (2) adoption of diversification practices is driven by few global factors but mostly depends on the specific socio-economic and agroecological context; (3) diversification practices are usually assessed with respect to agronomic and economic performances, and their impacts are generally positive. We identified missing knowledge required for a comprehensive view on current inter-row management practices in immature rubber plantations. First, technical operations should be included in the characterization and assessment of inter-row management practices. Second, a multicriteria assessment framework is required to cover all the sustainability dimensions to guarantee the diffusion of more performant management practices. In order to include the diversity of perceptions of sustainability in rubber plantations, this multicriteria assessment should be based on relevant criteria that combine farmers’ and scientists’ points of view. Detailed characterization of current immature rubber plantations merged with multicriteria assessment will be essential for the design of more sustainable rubber tree cropping systems.

多年生作物系统以多年的未成熟期开始其周期。适当的管理（包括行间管理）对于种植园的长期生存能力和生产力以及减少非生产期的长度至关重要。尽管其对经济和环境产生了重大影响，但未成熟期的特征仍然很薄弱，并且很少被纳入多年生种植系统可持续性的评估中。橡胶种植园是一个有趣的例子，作为热带地区的主要多年生系统。在这里，我们进行了系统回顾，以确定（1）未成熟橡胶园行间的管理实践； (2) 文献中用于分析这些做法的采用驱动因素并评估其对种植园功能和绩效的影响的变量； (3) 多样化实践对种植园功能和绩效的主要影响。主要结果表明：（1）在未成熟期可以采取不同的行间管理措施，包括多种作物； (2) 采取多样化做法很少受到全球因素的推动，但主要取决于具体的社会经济和农业生态背景； (3) 多样化实践通常根据农艺和经济绩效进行评估，其影响通常是积极的。我们发现了全面了解未成熟橡胶种植园当前行间管理实践所需的知识缺失。首先，技术操作应纳入行间管理实践的表征和评估中。其次，需要一个多标准评估框架来涵盖所有可持续性维度，以保证更高效的管理实践的传播。为了包容橡胶种植园可持续性认知的多样性，这种多标准评估应基于结合农民和科学家观点的相关标准。当前未成熟橡胶种植园的详细特征与多标准评估相结合对于设计更可持续的橡胶树种植系统至关重要。