Over the past two decades, protein S-acylation (often referred to as S-palmitoylation) has emerged as an important regulator of vital signalling pathways. S-Acylation is a reversible post-translational modification that involves the attachment of a fatty acid to a protein. Maintenance of the equilibrium between protein S-acylation and deacylation has demonstrated profound effects on various cellular processes, including innate immunity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and fat metabolism, as well as on brain and heart function. This Review provides an overview of current understanding of S-acylation and deacylation enzymes, their spatiotemporal regulation by sophisticated multilayered mechanisms, and their influence on protein function, cellular processes and physiological pathways. Furthermore, we examine how disruptions in protein S-acylation are associated with a broad spectrum of diseases from cancer to autoinflammatory disorders and neurological conditions.

在过去的二十年中，蛋白质 S-酰化（通常称为 S-棕榈酰化）已成为重要信号通路的重要调节因子。 S-酰化是一种可逆的翻译后修饰，涉及将脂肪酸附着到蛋白质上。维持蛋白质 S-酰化和脱酰化之间的平衡已被证明对各种细胞过程产生深远的影响，包括先天免疫、炎症、葡萄糖代谢和脂肪代谢，以及大脑和心脏功能。本综述概述了目前对 S-酰化酶和脱酰化酶的理解、它们通过复杂的多层机制进行的时空调节，以及它们对蛋白质功能、细胞过程和生理途径的影响。此外，我们还研究了蛋白质 S-酰化的破坏如何与从癌症到自身炎症性疾病和神经系统疾病等多种疾病相关。