Human factors and plant characteristics are important drivers of plant invasions, which threaten ecosystem integrity, biodiversity and human well-being. However, while previous studies often examined a limited number of factors or focused on a specific invasion stage (e.g., naturalization) for specific regions, a multi-factor and multi-stage analysis at the global scale is lacking. Here, we employ a multi-level framework to investigate the interplay between plant characteristics (genome size, Grime’s adaptive CSR-strategies and native range size) and economic use and how these factors collectively affect plant naturalization and invasion success worldwide. While our findings derived from structural equation models highlight the substantial contribution of human assistance in both the naturalization and spread of invasive plants, we also uncovered the pivotal role of species’ adaptive strategies among the factors studied, and the significantly varying influence of these factors across invasion stages. We further revealed that the effects of genome size on plant invasions were partially mediated by species adaptive strategies and native range size. Our study provides insights into the complex and dynamic process of plant invasions and identifies its key drivers worldwide.

人为因素和植物特性是植物入侵的重要驱动因素，威胁着生态系统的完整性、生物多样性和人类福祉。然而，虽然以前的研究经常检查有限的因素或集中于特定区域的特定入侵阶段（例如归化），但缺乏全球范围内的多因素和多阶段分析。在这里，我们采用多层次框架来研究植物特征（基因组大小、Grime 的适应性 CSR 策略和本地范围大小）和经济利用之间的相互作用，以及这些因素如何共同影响全球植物的归化和入侵成功。虽然我们从结构方程模型得出的研究结果强调了人类援助在入侵植物的归化和传播方面的重大贡献，但我们还发现了物种适应策略在所研究因素中的关键作用，以及这些因素在不同地区的显着不同影响。入侵阶段。我们进一步揭示，基因组大小对植物入侵的影响部分是由物种适应策略和本地范围大小介导的。我们的研究深入了解了植物入侵的复杂和动态过程，并确定了全球范围内的关键驱动因素。