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Viscoelastic Characterization of Phantoms for Ultrasound Elastography Created Using Low- and High-Viscosity Poly(vinyl alcohol) with Ethylene Glycol as the Cryoprotectant
ACS Omega ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 , DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09224 Sapna R Bisht 1 , Bhanu Prasad Marri 1 , Jayashree Karmakar 1 , Karla P Mercado Shekhar 1
ACS Omega ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 , DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09224 Sapna R Bisht 1 , Bhanu Prasad Marri 1 , Jayashree Karmakar 1 , Karla P Mercado Shekhar 1
Affiliation
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Ultrasound elastography enables noninvasive characterization of the tissue mechanical properties. Phantoms are widely used in ultrasound elastography for developing, testing, and validating imaging techniques. Creating phantoms with a range of viscoelastic properties relevant to human organs and pathological conditions remains an active area of research. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cryogel phantoms offer a long shelf life, robustness, and convenient handling and storage. The goal of this study was to develop tunable phantoms using PVA with a clinically relevant range of viscoelastic properties. We combined low- and high-viscosity PVA to tune the viscoelastic properties of the phantom. Further, phantoms were created with an ethylene glycol-based cryoprotectant to determine whether it reduces the variability in the viscoelastic properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to evaluate the differences in microstructure between phantoms. The density, longitudinal sound speed, and acoustic attenuation spectra (5–20 MHz) of the phantoms were measured. The phantoms were characterized using a shear wave viscoelastography approach assuming the Kelvin–Voigt model. Microstructural differences were revealed by SEM between phantoms with and without a cryoprotectant and with different PVA mixtures. The longitudinal sound speed and attenuation power-law fit exponent of the phantoms were within the clinical range (1510–1571 m/s and 1.23–1.38, respectively). The measured shear modulus (G) ranged from 3.3 to 17.7 kPa, and the viscosity (η) ranged from 2.6 to 7.3 Pa·s. The phantoms with the cryoprotectant were more homogeneous and had lower shear modulus and viscosity (G = 2.17 ± 0.2 kPa; η = 2.0 ± 0.05 Pa·s) than those without a cryoprotectant (G = 3.93 ± 0.7 kPa; η = 2.6 ± 0.14 Pa·s). Notably, phantoms with relatively constant viscosities and varying shear moduli were achieved by this method. These findings advance the development of well-characterized viscoelastic phantoms for use in elastography.
中文翻译：
使用低粘度和高粘度聚（乙烯醇）和乙二醇作为冷冻保护剂创建的超声弹性成像体模的粘弹性表征
超声弹性成像能够对组织机械特性进行无创表征。体模广泛用于超声弹性成像中，用于开发、测试和验证成像技术。创建具有一系列与人体器官和病理状况相关的粘弹性特性的模型仍然是一个活跃的研究领域。聚乙烯醇 (PVA) 冷冻凝胶模型具有较长的保质期、坚固性以及方便的处理和储存。本研究的目标是使用 PVA 开发具有临床相关粘弹性特性范围的可调模型。我们结合了低粘度和高粘度 PVA 来调整模型的粘弹性。此外，使用基于乙二醇的冷冻保护剂创建了模型，以确定它是否减少了粘弹性的变异性。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）来评估模型之间微观结构的差异。测量了体模的密度、纵向声速和声衰减谱（5-20 MHz）。使用假设 Kelvin-Voigt 模型的剪切波粘弹性成像方法对模型进行表征。 SEM 揭示了含有和不含有冷冻保护剂以及不同 PVA 混合物的模型之间的微观结构差异。体模的纵向声速和衰减幂律拟合指数均在临床范围内（分别为 1510-1571 m/s 和 1.23-1.38）。测得的剪切模量（ G ）范围为3.3至17.7kPa，粘度（η）范围为2.6至7.3Pa·s。含有冷冻保护剂的模型更均匀，剪切模量和粘度更低（ G = 2.17 ± 0.2 kPa；η = 2.0 ± 0。05 Pa·s）比没有冷冻保护剂的那些（ G = 3.93 ± 0.7 kPa；η = 2.6 ± 0.14 Pa·s）。值得注意的是，通过这种方法获得了具有相对恒定的粘度和变化的剪切模量的模型。这些发现推动了用于弹性成像的特征良好的粘弹性体模的开发。
更新日期：2024-02-09
中文翻译：
使用低粘度和高粘度聚（乙烯醇）和乙二醇作为冷冻保护剂创建的超声弹性成像体模的粘弹性表征
超声弹性成像能够对组织机械特性进行无创表征。体模广泛用于超声弹性成像中，用于开发、测试和验证成像技术。创建具有一系列与人体器官和病理状况相关的粘弹性特性的模型仍然是一个活跃的研究领域。聚乙烯醇 (PVA) 冷冻凝胶模型具有较长的保质期、坚固性以及方便的处理和储存。本研究的目标是使用 PVA 开发具有临床相关粘弹性特性范围的可调模型。我们结合了低粘度和高粘度 PVA 来调整模型的粘弹性。此外，使用基于乙二醇的冷冻保护剂创建了模型，以确定它是否减少了粘弹性的变异性。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）来评估模型之间微观结构的差异。测量了体模的密度、纵向声速和声衰减谱（5-20 MHz）。使用假设 Kelvin-Voigt 模型的剪切波粘弹性成像方法对模型进行表征。 SEM 揭示了含有和不含有冷冻保护剂以及不同 PVA 混合物的模型之间的微观结构差异。体模的纵向声速和衰减幂律拟合指数均在临床范围内（分别为 1510-1571 m/s 和 1.23-1.38）。测得的剪切模量（ G ）范围为3.3至17.7kPa，粘度（η）范围为2.6至7.3Pa·s。含有冷冻保护剂的模型更均匀，剪切模量和粘度更低（ G = 2.17 ± 0.2 kPa；η = 2.0 ± 0。05 Pa·s）比没有冷冻保护剂的那些（ G = 3.93 ± 0.7 kPa；η = 2.6 ± 0.14 Pa·s）。值得注意的是，通过这种方法获得了具有相对恒定的粘度和变化的剪切模量的模型。这些发现推动了用于弹性成像的特征良好的粘弹性体模的开发。
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