In the science and values literature, scholars have shown how science is influenced and shaped by values, often in opposition to the ‘value free’ ideal of science. In this paper, we aim to contribute to the science and values literature by showing that the relation between science and values flows not only from values into scientific practice, but also from (allegedly neutral) science to values themselves. The extant literature in the ‘science and values’ field focuses by and large on reconstructing, post hoc, how values have influenced science; our reconstruction of the case studies, instead, aims to show that scientific concepts and methods too, because of specific identifiable characteristics, can promote some values rather than (or at the expense of) others. We explain this bidirectional relation in analogy to debates on the normativity of technical artifacts and on feminist approaches in science, and we illustrate our claims with cases from the health sciences and machine learning. While our arguments in this paper also draw on post hoc reconstructions, we intend to show where, in the science in the making, we should engage not only with the question whether a practice is value-laden, but also how specific conceptual and methodological choices can influence values down the road. All in all, these considerations expand the ways in which philosophers can contribute to more value-aware scientific practices.

在科学和价值观文献中，学者们展示了科学如何受到价值观的影响和塑造，这往往与“价值中立”的科学理想相反。在本文中，我们的目标是通过表明科学与价值观之间的关系不仅从价值观流向科学实践，而且从（据称是中立的）科学流向价值观本身，从而为科学和价值观文献做出贡献。 “科学与价值观”领域的现有文献大体上侧重于事后重构价值观如何影响科学。相反，我们对案例研究的重建旨在表明，由于特定的可识别特征，科学概念和方法也可以促进某些价值观，而不是（或以牺牲）其他价值观为代价。我们类比关于技术制品规范性和科学中女权主义方法的争论来解释这种双向关系，并用健康科学和机器学习的案例来说明我们的主张。虽然我们在本文中的论点也借鉴了事后重建，但我们打算表明，在正在形成的科学中，我们不仅应该关注实践是否具有价值的问题，而且还应该关注具体的概念和方法论选择如何可以影响未来的价值观。总而言之，这些考虑扩展了哲学家为更具价值意识的科学实践做出贡献的方式。