Organs-on-chips (OoCs) hold promise to engineer progressively more human-relevant models for pharmaceutical purposes. Recent developments have delivered increasingly sophisticated designs, yet OoCs still lack in reproducing the inner tissue physiology required to fully resemble the native human body. This review emphasizes the need to include microarchitectural and microstructural features, and discusses promising avenues to incorporate well-defined microarchitectures down to the single-cell level. We highlight how their integration will significantly contribute to the advancement of the field towards highly organized structural and hierarchical tissues-on-chip. We discuss the combination of state-of-the-art micropatterning technologies to achieve OoCs resembling human-intrinsic complexity. It is anticipated that these innovations will yield significant advances in realization of the next generation of OoC models.

中文翻译：

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迈向单细胞生物打印：用于器官芯片开发的微图案化工具


器官芯片（OoC）有望为制药目的设计出越来越与人类相关的模型。最近的发展已经提供了越来越复杂的设计，但 OoC 仍然缺乏复制完全类似于天然人体所需的内部组织生理学的能力。这篇综述强调了纳入微架构和微结构特征的必要性，并讨论了将明确定义的微架构整合到单细胞水平的有希望的途径。我们强调它们的集成将如何显着促进该领域向高度组织的结构和分层组织芯片的发展。我们讨论了最先进的微图案技术的结合，以实现类似于人类内在复杂性的 OoC。预计这些创新将为下一代 OoC 模型的实现带来重大进展。