The advent of the smart era drives the groundbreaking development of smart devices, which has increased the requirement for the application of energy supply equipment. Although lithium-ion batteries are available for commercial applications, their electrochemical properties and adaptability are still limited by the intrinsic material defects and complex technological innovations. Facing the fourth industrial revolution represented by information technology and artificial intelligence (AI), novel batteries with superior electrochemical properties and outstanding reliability can be constructed based on these disruptive materials and technologies. Importantly, the intelligence concept has been introduced into the design and management of batteries. In this review, we explicitly define and discuss the meaning of “smart batteries” and categorize them into three generations based on the intelligent features of their functional characteristics. Meanwhile, the action mechanisms and application principles of smart batteries have been elaborated to provide a comprehensive understanding. Moreover, we propose feasible opinions to the problems faced in the practical development of smart batteries to promote the sustainability of batteries.

中文翻译：

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智能电池为未来提供动力

智能时代的到来，带动智能设备突破性发展，对供能设备的应用提出了更高的要求。尽管锂离子电池可用于商业应用，但其电化学性能和适应性仍然受到固有材料缺陷和复杂的技术创新的限制。面对以信息技术和人工智能（AI）为代表的第四次工业革命，基于这些颠覆性材料和技术可以构建具有优越电化学性能和突出可靠性的新型电池。重要的是，智能概念已被引入电池的设计和管理中。在这篇综述中，我们明确定义和讨论了“智能电池”的含义，并根据其功能特性的智能化特征将其分为三代。同时，对智能电池的作用机理和应用原理进行了阐述，使人们对智能电池有一个全面的了解。此外，我们还针对智能电池实际发展中面临的问题提出可行的意见，促进电池的可持续发展。