The international frameworks on refugee protection, including the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, are among the strongest norms to govern international mobility. Despite the salience and universality of these international norms, however, asylum outcomes, as indicated by refugee recognition rates (RRRs), vary extensively across state parties. The variation in RRR signals a critical normative gap between the institutionalization and implementation of international norms on refugee protection. In this article, I offer an explanation for this gap by examining the role of domestic institutions responsible for implementing relevant international (and domestic) laws on the ground. Through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and analysis of government, media, and non-governmental organization materials, I investigate the case of South Korea, a wealthy liberal democracy known for its exceptionally low RRR. I argue that South Korea’s low RRR is a result of the preexisting and prevailing ethos of the institutions responsible for refugee status determination, which is deeply rooted in the preservation of law and order and therefore fundamentally conflicts with the human protection principles underlying the Convention.

中文翻译：

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维护法律和秩序：实施难民保护国际规范的机构如何限制庇护结果

关于难民保护的国际框架，包括 1951 年《公约》和 1967 年《关于难民地位的议定书》，是管理国际流动的最强有力的规范之一。然而，尽管这些国际规范具有显着性和普遍性，但从难民识别率 (RRR) 来看，庇护结果在各缔约国之间存在很大差异。 RRR 的变化标志着难民保护国际规范的制度化和实施之间存在严重的规范差距。在本文中，我通过研究负责实地执行相关国际（和国内）法律的国内机构的作用来解释这一差距。通过深度访谈、参与观察以及对政府、媒体和非政府组织材料的分析，我调查了韩国的案例，韩国是一个富裕的自由民主国家，以其极低的存款准备金率而闻名。我认为，韩国的低存款准备金率是负责难民地位确定的机构先前存在且普遍存在的精神的结果，这种精神深深植根于维护法律和秩序，因此从根本上与《公约》所依据的人类保护原则相冲突。