Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), a type of biomimetic material, have attracted considerable interest owing to their cost-effectiveness, good physiochemical stability, favourable specificity and selectivity for target analytes, and widely used for various biological applications. It was demonstrated that MIPs with significant selectivity towards protein-based targets could be applied in medicine, diagnostics, proteomics, environmental analysis, sensors, various in vivo and/or in vitro applications, drug delivery systems, etc. This review provides an overview of MIPs dedicated to biomedical applications and insights into perspectives on the application of MIPs in newly emerging areas of biotechnology. Many different protocols applied for the synthesis of MIPs are overviewed in this review. The templates used for molecular imprinting vary from the minor glycosylated glycan-based structures, amino acids, and proteins to whole bacteria, which are also overviewed in this review. Economic, environmental, rapid preparation, stability, and reproducibility have been highlighted as significant advantages of MIPs. Particularly, some specialized MIPs, in addition to molecular recognition properties, can have high catalytic activity, which in some cases could be compared with other bio-catalytic systems. Therefore, such MIPs belong to the class of so-called ‘artificial enzymes’. The discussion provided in this manuscript furnishes a comparative analysis of different approaches developed, underlining their relative advantages and disadvantages highlighting trends and possible future directions of MIP technology.

分子印迹聚合物（MIP）是一种仿生材料，由于其成本效益、良好的理化稳定性、对目标分析物良好的特异性和选择性而引起了人们的广泛关注，并广泛应用于各种生物应用。事实证明，对基于蛋白质的靶标具有显着选择性的 MIP 可应用于医学、诊断、蛋白质组学、环境分析、传感器、各种体内和/或体外应用、药物输送系统等。本综述概述了MIP 致力于生物医学应用，并深入探讨 MIP 在生物技术新兴领域的应用前景。本综述概述了用于合成 MIP 的许多不同方案。用于分子印迹的模板从基于次要糖基化聚糖的结构、氨基酸和蛋白质到整个细菌，本综述也对此进行了概述。经济、环保、快速制备、稳定性和重现性已被认为是 MIP 的显着优势。特别是，一些专门的MIP除了具有分子识别特性外，还可以具有很高的催化活性，在某些情况下可以与其他生物催化系统进行比较。因此，此类 MIP 属于所谓的“人工酶”类别。本手稿中提供的讨论对所开发的不同方法进行了比较分析，强调了它们的相对优缺点，突出了 MIP 技术的趋势和未来可能的方向。