Porous carbon materials (PCMs) play a pivotal role in diverse applications, such as energy storage, adsorption, catalysis, environmental remediation, and microwave adsorption. The selection of carbon precursors, in particular, is crucial for tailoring porous structures with specific functionalities. Biomass, with its rich carbon feedstock, abundant availability, renewability, and versatile structures, has emerged as a promising precursor for porous carbon material synthesis. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advances in biomass-derived porous carbon materials (BPCMs) encompassing synthetic strategy, morphology, structural composition, and multiple applications. We first review synthetic approaches aiming at regulating porosity, followed by morphological and composition features of BPCMs, with a special emphasis on elucidating the dimensional clarification and heteroatom doping effects. The discussion then extends to the wide-ranging applications of BPCMs, covering energy-related applications and CO₂ adsorption to environmental remediation. Finally, the review outlines the existing challenges and prospects in the field. In summary, this review systematically describes BPCMs and provides valuable guidance for researchers to select and synthesize BPCMs that meet specific functional requirements.