We investigated the role of cue weighting, second language (L2) proficiency, and L2 daily exposure in L2 learning of suprasegmentals different from the first language (L1), using eye-tracking. Spanish monolinguals, English–Spanish learners, and Mandarin–Spanish learners saw a paroxytone and an oxytone verb (e.g., FIRma–firMÓ “s/he signs–signed”), listened to a sentence containing one of the verbs, and chose the one that they heard. The three languages have contrastive lexical stress, but suprasegmentals have a greater functional load in Mandarin than in English. Monolinguals predicted suffixes accurately with both stress conditions and favored oxytones, but learners predicted suffixes accurately only with oxytones, the condition activating fewer lexical competitors. Monolinguals predicted suffixes accurately sooner but at a slower rate than did learners. L2 proficiency, but not L1 or L2 exposure, facilitated L2 predictions. In conclusion, learners of a contrastive-stress L1 rely on L2 suprasegmentals to the same extent as monolinguals, regardless of their L1. Lower L2 proficiency and higher cognitive load (more lexical competitors) reduce learners’ reliance on suprasegmentals.

中文翻译：

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揭示第二语言词汇重音处理的复杂性：第一语言迁移、第二语言熟练程度和接触的影响

我们使用眼动追踪研究了线索权重、第二语言 (L2) 熟练程度和 L2 日常接触在不同于第一语言 (L1) 的超语段学习中的作用。西班牙语单语者、英语-西班牙语学习者和普通话-西班牙语学习者看到了一个 paroxytone 和一个 oxytone 动词（例如，FIRma-firMÓ “s/hesigns - signed”），听了包含其中一个动词的句子，并选择了一个他们听到的。这三种语言具有对比性的词汇重音，但超片段在普通话中比在英语中具有更大的功能负载。单语者可以通过压力条件和偏爱的氧音准确地预测后缀，但学习者只能通过氧音准确地预测后缀，这种情况激活的词汇竞争者较少。单语者比学习者更快准确地预测后缀，但速度较慢。L2 熟练程度（而非 L1 或 L2 暴露）促进了 L2 预测。总之，对比重音 L1 学习者对 L2 超片段的依赖程度与单语者相同，无论他们的 L1 水平如何。较低的二语熟练程度和较高的认知负荷（更多的词汇竞争）会减少学习者对超语段的依赖。