Understanding the environmental consequences associated with dairy cattle production systems is crucial for the implementation of targeted strategies for emission reduction. However, few studies have modelled the effect of tailored emission mitigation options across key European dairy production systems. Here, we assess the single and combined effect of six emission mitigation practises on selected case studies across Europe through the Sustainable and Integrated Management System for Dairy Production model. This semi-mechanistic model accounts for the interacting flows from a whole-farm perspective simulating the environmental losses in response to different management strategies and site-specific conditions. The results show how reducing the crude protein content of the purchased fraction of the diet was an adequate strategy to reduce the greenhouse gas and nitrogen emission intensity in all systems. Furthermore, implementing an anaerobic digestion plant reduced the greenhouse gas emissions in all tested case studies while increasing the nitrogen emissions intensity, particularly when slurry was applied using broadcast. Regarding the productivity increase, contrasting effects were observed amongst the case studies modelled. Moreover, shallow slurry injection effectively mitigated the intensity of nitrogen losses from the fields due to strong reductions in ammonia volatilisation. When substituting urea with ammonium nitrate as mineral fertiliser, site-specific conditions affected the mitigation potential observed, discouraging its application on sandy-loam soils. Rigid slurry covers effectively reduced the storage-related nitrogen emissions intensity while showing a minor effect on total greenhouse gas emission intensity. In addition, our results provide novel evidence regarding the advantages of cumulative implementation of adapted mitigation options to offset the negative trade-offs of single-option applications (i.e. slurry covers or anaerobic digestion and slurry injection). Through this study, we contribute to a better understanding of the effect of emission mitigation options across dairy production systems in Europe, thus facilitating the adoption of tailored and context-specific emission reduction strategies.

了解与奶牛生产系统相关的环境后果对于实施有针对性的减排战略至关重要。然而，很少有研究模拟欧洲主要乳制品生产系统中量身定制的减排方案的效果。在这里，我们通过乳制品生产可持续和综合管理系统模型评估了欧洲选定案例研究中六种减排措施的单一和综合效果。这种半机械模型从整个农场的角度考虑了相互作用的流动，模拟了响应不同管理策略和特定地点条件的环境损失。结果表明，减少购买的饮食部分的粗蛋白含量是减少所有系统中温室气体和氮排放强度的适当策略。此外，在所有测试案例研究中，实施厌氧消化厂减少了温室气体排放，同时增加了氮排放强度，特别是当使用撒播法施用泥浆时。关于生产率的提高，在建模的案例研究中观察到了对比效果。此外，由于氨挥发大幅减少，浅层浆液注入有效减轻了田间氮损失的强度。当用硝酸铵替代尿素作为矿肥时，特定地点的条件影响了观察到的缓解潜力，阻碍了其在沙壤土上的应用。刚性泥浆覆盖有效降低了与储存相关的氮排放强度，同时对温室气体总排放强度影响较小。此外，我们的结果提供了关于累积实施适应缓解方案的优势的新证据，以抵消单一方案应用（即泥浆覆盖或厌氧消化和泥浆注入）的负面权衡。通过这项研究，我们有助于更好地了解欧洲乳制品生产系统减排方案的效果，从而促进采用量身定制的、针对具体情况的减排战略。