The human oral microbiome harbors one of the most diverse microbial communities in the human body, playing critical roles in oral and systemic health. Recent technological innovations are propelling the characterization and manipulation of oral microbiota. High-throughput sequencing enables comprehensive taxonomic and functional profiling of oral microbiomes. New long-read platforms improve genome assembly from complex samples. Single-cell genomics provides insights into uncultured taxa. Advanced imaging modalities including fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy have enabled the visualization of the spatial organization and interactions of oral microbes with increasing resolution. Fluorescence techniques link phylogenetic identity with localization. Mass spectrometry imaging reveals metabolic niches and activities while Raman spectroscopy generates rapid biomolecular fingerprints for classification. Culturomics facilitates the isolation and cultivation of novel fastidious oral taxa using high-throughput approaches. Ongoing integration of these technologies holds the promise of transforming our understanding of oral microbiome assembly, gene expression, metabolites, microenvironments, virulence mechanisms, and microbe-host interfaces in the context of health and disease. However, significant knowledge gaps persist regarding community origins, developmental trajectories, homeostasis versus dysbiosis triggers, functional biomarkers, and strategies to deliberately reshape the oral microbiome for therapeutic benefit. The convergence of sequencing, imaging, cultureomics, synthetic systems, and biomimetic models will provide unprecedented insights into the oral microbiome and offer opportunities to predict, prevent, diagnose, and treat associated oral diseases.

人类口腔微生物组是人体内最多样化的微生物群落之一，在口腔和全身健康中发挥着关键作用。最近的技术创新正在推动口腔微生物群的表征和操纵。高通量测序可以对口腔微生物组进行全面的分类和功能分析。新的长读长平台改进了复杂样本的基因组组装。单细胞基因组学提供了对未培养类群的深入了解。包括荧光、质谱和拉曼光谱在内的先进成像方式使口腔微生物的空间组织和相互作用的可视化成为可能，并且分辨率不断提高。荧光技术将系统发育同一性与定位联系起来。质谱成像揭示代谢生态位和活动，而拉曼光谱生成快速生物分子指纹用于分类。培养组学有助于利用高通量方法分离和培养新型挑剔的口腔类群。这些技术的持续整合有望改变我们对健康和疾病背景下的口腔微生物组组装、基因表达、代谢物、微环境、毒力机制和微生物-宿主界面的理解。然而，在群落起源、发育轨迹、稳态与生态失调触发因素、功能性生物标志物以及故意重塑口腔微生物组以获得治疗益处的策略方面，仍然存在重大知识差距。 测序、成像、培养组学、合成系统和仿生模型的融合将为口腔微生物组提供前所未有的见解，并为预测、预防、诊断和治疗相关口腔疾病提供机会。