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Stability of Ti3C2Tx MXenes in engineered environments
Environmental Science: Nano ( IF 5.8 ) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 , DOI: 10.1039/d3en00438d
Nasim Ganji 1 , Christian A. Reardon-Lochbaum 1 , Swapnil B. Ambade 2 , Caroline M. Anastasia 1, 3 , Patrick M. Eckhert 3 , Zeev Rosenzweig 2 , Joel A. Pedersen 1, 4, 5 , D. Howard Fairbrother 3
Affiliation  

MXenes are a newer class of 2D materials with desirable properties, making them attractive for various environmental applications, including remediation and as membranes for water treatment. Until recently, the practical implementation of MXenes was hindered by their instability in water, although improved synthesis procedures have addressed this issue. Consequently, it is now important to assess the stability of MXenes in engineered environments relevant to drinking water and membrane operation (e.g. backwashing). In this study, Ti3C2Tx MXenes were found to remain stable upon exposure to an aqueous environment saturated with oxygen and to UVC and UVA light at circumneutral pH, but were transformed upon exposure to excess free chlorine and to Fe(III) chloride at a concentration equal to 5 mg L−1 free chlorine. The chlorination reaction kinetics are 1st order with respect to Ti3C2Tx and free chlorine concentration from 20 to 200 mg L−1. The rate constant increased at pH ≤7.5, implicating HOCl as the reactive species. We propose that MXene reactions with HOCl occur by an electrophilic attack of Cl+, forming TiO2 and degrading the MXene. AFM data show that transformations are initiated at the edges of the MXene sheets and localized areas on the MXene, suggesting that the initial sites for Cl+ attack are defect sites and/or uncoordinated Ti atoms. This contrasts with the inertness of nanoscale TiC, highlighting the need to devise surface modification processes that will allow MXenes to resist the oxidative conditions associated with membrane regeneration/backwashing.

中文翻译:

Ti3C2Tx MXene 在工程环境中的稳定性

MXene 是一种新型 2D 材料,具有理想的特性,使其对各种环境应用具有吸引力,包括修复和水处理膜。直到最近,MXenes 的实际应用仍因其在水中的不稳定性而受到阻碍,尽管改进的合成程序已经解决了这个问题。因此,现在评估 MXene 在与饮用水和膜操作(例如反冲洗)相关的工程环境中的稳定性非常重要。在这项研究中,发现 Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene 在暴露于氧气饱和的水环境以及中性 pH 值的 UVC 和 UVA 光中时保持稳定,但在暴露于过量的游离氯和 Fe( III )时发生转变氯化物浓度等于 5 mg L -1游离氯。相对于Ti 3 C 2 T x和20至200 mg L -1的游离氯浓度,氯化反应动力学为一级。pH ≤ 7.5 时速率常数增加,表明 HOCl 是活性物质。我们提出 MXene 与 HOCl 的反应是通过 Cl +的亲电攻击发生的,形成 TiO 2并降解 MXene。AFM 数据显示,转变是在 MXene 片的边缘和 MXene 上的局部区域开始的,这表明 Cl +攻击的初始位点是缺陷位点和/或不配位的 Ti 原子。这与纳米级 TiC 的惰性形成鲜明对比,突出表明需要设计表面改性工艺,使 MXene 能够抵抗与膜再生/反洗相关的氧化条件。
更新日期:2024-01-08
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