This review presents the progress made in the last decade in the field of large-scale electromagnetic (EM) induction with natural sources, which fluctuate at periods from seconds to years and originate in oceans, ionosphere and magnetosphere. These mechanisms produce field variations that can be used to image subsurface electrical structure of Earth and planets across scales and depths from the shallow crust to the lower mantle. In the last decade, we have seen a substantial progress made in different areas related to methods, observations and 3-D numerical modelling of EM phenomena at crustal and mantle scales. Specifically, new methods for handling complex ionospheric and magnetospheric sources were proposed, accompanied by more efficient forward and inverse modelling tools that allowed us to combine several broadband sources and constrain electrical conductivity on multiple scales simultaneously. Magnetic signals due to oceanic tides were established as a new source to probe conductivity of the sub-oceanic upper mantle. Further, the launch of ESA Swarm satellites in 2013 and their successful ongoing operation have marked a new era in the field of large-scale EM induction, unlocking a set of new opportunities, but also posing new challenges. These developments were backed by new lab measurements of electrical conductivity for mantle minerals at temperatures and pressures that are getting closer to the relevant pressure and temperature conditions in the mantle, alleviating the need for inaccurate extrapolations. The latter enabled more plausible quantitative estimates of water content, melt fractions and temperature in the mantle. In parallel, crust and mantle conductivity models along with developed modelling techniques have become an integral part of geomagnetic field and geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) modelling workflows, establishing new inter-disciplinary knowledge domains.

这篇综述介绍了过去十年在利用自然资源进行大规模电磁感应领域取得的进展，这些电磁感应的周期从几秒到几年不等，起源于海洋、电离层和磁层。这些机制产生的场变化可用于对从浅地壳到下地幔的不同尺度和深度的地球和行星的地下电结构进行成像。在过去的十年中，我们在地壳和地幔尺度的电磁现象的方法、观测和 3D 数值模拟相关的不同领域取得了实质性进展。具体来说，提出了处理复杂电离层和磁层源的新方法，以及更有效的正向和逆向建模工具，使我们能够组合多个宽带源并同时在多个尺度上约束电导率。海洋潮汐产生的磁信号被确立为探测海底上地幔电导率的新来源。此外，2013 年 ESA Swarm 卫星的发射及其成功的持续运行标志着大规模电磁感应领域的新时代，释放了一系列新机遇，但也提出了新挑战。这些进展得到了实验室对地幔矿物在温度和压力下电导率的新测量的支持，这些温度和压力越来越接近地幔中的相关压力和温度条件，从而减少了不准确外推的需要。后者能够对地幔中的水含量、熔体分数和温度进行更合理的定量估计。与此同时，地壳和地幔电导率模型以及发达的建模技术已成为地磁场和地磁感应电流（GIC）建模工作流程的组成部分，建立了新的跨学科知识领域。