Thyroglobulin (TG) is a dimeric glycoprotein produced exclusively by mature thyroid tissue and stored within the follicular lumen. It is essential for the organification of iodine and the production of thyroid hormones. The concentration of TG in the bloodstream varies between individuals and depends on factors such as thyroid mass, stimulation of the gland by thyrotropin or autoantibodies, and tissue destruction. TG is essential to monitor patients with differentiated thyroid cancer; however, its use is not limited only to this clinical entity. Measurement of circulating TG can provide better insight into numerous clinical scenarios, such as destructive thyroiditis, presence of ectopic thyroid tissue, thyroid trauma, factitious thyrotoxicosis, or iodine nutrition. Lately, TG has found its new clinical use in immune checkpoint-related thyroid dysfunction. TG measurement should be performed carefully in patients with antithyroglobulin antibodies due to possible laboratory interferences. In this review, we offer a summary of current knowledge about the clinical use of TG and the implications it brings to daily practice.

甲状腺球蛋白 （TG） 是一种二聚体糖蛋白，完全由成熟的甲状腺组织产生并储存在滤泡腔内。它对于碘的组织和甲状腺激素的产生至关重要。血液中 TG 的浓度因人而异，取决于甲状腺质量、促甲状腺激素或自身抗体对腺体的刺激以及组织破坏等因素。TG 对于监测分化型甲状腺癌患者至关重要;然而，其使用不仅限于该临床疾病。循环 TG 的测量可以更好地了解许多临床情况，例如破坏性甲状腺炎、异位甲状腺组织的存在、甲状腺外伤、人为性甲状腺毒症或碘营养。最近，TG 在免疫检查点相关的甲状腺功能障碍中发现了新的临床用途。由于可能存在实验室干扰，对抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体的患者应仔细进行 TG 测量。在本综述中，我们总结了有关 TG 临床应用及其对日常实践的影响的当前知识。