Banging together pots and pans has become established as a common protest technique in Spain and across the world. Pot-banging can be linked to charivari: a centuries-old, Europe-wide, nuptial practice that subjected a marrying couple to mocking moral critique, which was also adapted for political ends. This article, however, distinguishes between nuptial charivari (the cencerrada) and recent political pot-banging (the cacerolada). The former suffered a process decline and disappearance while the latter, separately, was imported into Spain from Latin America in the late 1980s. The lack of connection between the two is reflected in different terms, but can be further established through close attention to their respective staging, gendered nature, meaning and sound. The case of Spanish pot-banging sheds light on the fate of ‘traditions’ during the Transition from the Francoist dictatorship to democracy, particularly in terms of changing notions of individual rights, civility and gender relations, and has implications for how historians approach the history of collective action. Historians should pay greater attention to how techniques are transmitted and learned within and across borders. The history of modern protest is perhaps more disjointed than modernizing approaches suggest.

中文翻译：

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西班牙“传统”charivari 的消亡和敲锅的发明，约 1960 年至 2020 年

在西班牙和世界各地，把锅碗瓢盆敲在一起已成为一种常见的抗议手段。敲锅可以与“charivari”联系起来：一种具有数百年历史的欧洲范围内的婚礼习俗，使新婚夫妇受到嘲笑的道德批评，这种做法也被用于政治目的。然而，本文区分了婚礼的 charivari (the cencerrada) 和最近的政治乱搞 (the cacerolada)。前者经历了过程衰退和消失，而后者则是在 20 世纪 80 年代末从拉丁美洲单独引入西班牙的。两者之间缺乏联系反映在不同的术语中，但可以通过密切关注各自的舞台、性别性质、意义和声音来进一步建立。西班牙敲锅案揭示了从佛朗哥独裁到民主过渡期间“传统”的命运，特别是在个人权利、文明和性别关系观念的变化方面，并对历史学家如何看待历史具有影响的集体行动。历史学家应该更加关注技术如何在境内和跨境传播和学习。现代抗议的历史也许比现代化方法所暗示的更加脱节。