Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled eukaryotic parasite with a considerable host range that must invade the cells of warm-blooded hosts to survive and replicate. The challenges and opportunities that such a strategy represent have been met by the evolution of effectors that are delivered into host cells, counter host defences and co-opt host cell functions for their own purposes. These effectors are delivered in two waves using distinct machinery for each. In this Review, we focus on understanding the architecture of these protein-export systems and how their protein cargo is recognized and selected. We discuss the recent findings on the role that host manipulation has in latent Toxoplasma infections. We also discuss how these recent findings compare to protein export in the related Plasmodium spp. (the causative agent of malaria) and how this can inform our understanding of host manipulation in the larger Apicomplexa phylum and its evolution.

弓形虫是一种单细胞真核寄生虫，具有相当大的宿主范围，必须侵入温血宿主的细胞才能生存和复制。这种策略所代表的挑战和机遇已经通过效应子的进化得到满足，这些效应子被递送到宿主细胞中，对抗宿主防御并为了自己的目的而选择宿主细胞功能。这些效应器分两波传递，每波使用不同的机械。在这篇综述中，我们重点了解这些蛋白质输出系统的架构以及如何识别和选择它们的蛋白质货物。我们讨论了关于宿主操纵在潜伏弓形虫感染中的作用的最新发现。我们还讨论了这些最近的发现如何与相关疟原虫属的蛋白质输出进行比较。 （疟疾的病原体）以及这如何帮助我们了解更大的顶复门中的宿主操纵及其进化。