It is generally accepted that the world's reliance on fossil fuels had negative implications, such as a decline in crude oil supply, a drop in air quality, an increase in global temperature, unpredictable weather change, etc. Biofuel production is one of the best options for minimizing the quantity of conventional fuel used. This article presents theoretical and practical methods for process improvement, as well as a brief review of the characteristics of bioethanol production and limitations by using various pre-treatment techniques with wastes such as fruit and lignocellulose biomass to ethanol production using various microbe species. Bioethanol has a variety of applications, including petrol blending, solvent use, and distillery sectors. The pH (4–4.3), temperature (32 °C), and kind of microorganisms all have a significant impact on bioethanol production. Many significant phenolic chemicals and bioactive substances have been extracted from waste during bioethanol manufacturing. The approaches discussed in this study, such as pre-treatment, extraction, and distillation, can enhance the yield of bio-ethanol, which can be beneficial in many ways in the future.

Graphical abstract