Geographic information systems (GIS) has been used in archaeology for four decades, and colloquially appears to have become a main tool in the geospatial aspects of archaeological practice. In this paper, we examine temporal trends in the use and/or mention of GIS in archaeological publications (books and journal articles), conference presentations, and websites. We gathered data through keyword searches and with formal sampling surveys and conducted both quantitative and qualitative analyses to characterize the changing nature and intensity of GIS use in archaeology over time, and then contextualize these trends with a narrative history of archaeological GIS. We show how archaeological GIS-use has grown from a few early adopters of the 1980s, through a slow initial integration phase in the 1990s, to a set of two major expansions in the 2000s and 2010s. While we find that applied use of GIS has grown to the point where it can be considered ubiquitous—if not completely universal—in the discipline, we also discovered that the major focus in archaeological GIS advancement is methodological rather than theoretical. We identify five roadblocks that we believe have hampered the development of a theory-rich archaeological GIS: (1) deficiencies in the archaeological GIS education model, (2) over-reliance on commercial software, (3) technical/technological barriers, (4) gaps in acceptance of GIS, and (5) the perception of GIS as “just a tool.” We offer initial suggestions for ways forward to mitigate the effects of these roadblocks and build a more robust, theoretically sophisticated relationship with GIS in archaeology.

地理信息系统（GIS）在考古学中的应用已经有四十年了，通俗地说似乎已经成为考古实践地理空间方面的主要工具。在本文中，我们研究了考古出版物（书籍和期刊文章）、会议演示和网站中使用和/或提及 GIS 的时间趋势。我们通过关键词搜索和正式抽样调查收集数据，并进行定量和定性分析，以描述考古学中 GIS 使用随时间变化的性质和强度，然后将这些趋势与考古 GIS 的叙述历史联系起来。我们展示了考古 GIS 的使用如何从 1980 年代的一些早期采用者，经过 1990 年代缓慢的初始整合阶段，发展到 2000 年代和 2010 年代的两次主要扩展。虽然我们发现 GIS 的应用已经发展到可以被认为在学科中无处不在（即使不是完全普遍）的程度，但我们还发现考古 GIS 进步的主要焦点是方法论而不是理论。我们确定了我们认为阻碍理论丰富的考古 GIS 发展的五个障碍：(1) 考古 GIS 教育模式的缺陷，(2) 过度依赖商业软件，(3) 技术/工艺障碍，(4) ) 对 GIS 的接受程度存在差距，以及 (5) 将 GIS 视为“只是一种工具”。我们就减轻这些障碍的影响并与考古学中的 GIS 建立更强大、理论上更复杂的关系的方法提供初步建议。