Proton imaging has become a key diagnostic for measuring electromagnetic fields in high-energy-density (HED) laboratory plasmas. Compared to other techniques for diagnosing fields, proton imaging is a measurement that can simultaneously offer high spatial and temporal resolution and the ability to distinguish between electric and magnetic fields without the protons perturbing the plasma of interest. Consequently, proton imaging has been used in a wide range of HED experiments, from inertial-confinement fusion to laboratory astrophysics. An overview is provided on the state of the art of proton imaging, including a discussion of experimental considerations like proton sources and detectors, the theory of proton-imaging analysis, and a survey of experimental results demonstrating the breadth of applications. Topics at the frontiers of proton-imaging development are also described, along with an outlook on the future of the field.

中文翻译：

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高能量密度实验室等离子体的质子成像

质子成像已成为测量高能量密度 (HED) 实验室等离子体中电磁场的关键诊断方法。与其他场诊断技术相比，质子成像是一种可以同时提供高空间和时间分辨率以及区分电场和磁场的测量方法，而无需质子扰乱感兴趣的等离子体。因此，质子成像已广泛用于 HED 实验，从惯性约束聚变到实验室天体物理学。概述了质子成像的最新技术，包括对质子源和探测器等实验考虑因素的讨论、质子成像分析的理论以及对展示应用广度的实验结果的调查。还描述了质子成像发展的前沿主题，以及对该领域未来的展望。