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The untold story of PFAS alternatives: Insights into the occurrence, ecotoxicological impacts, and removal strategies in the aquatic environment
Water Research ( IF 11.4 ) Pub Date : 2023-12-23 , DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121044
Naima Hamid 1 , Muhammad Junaid 2 , Marriya Sultan 3 , Suman Thodhal Yoganandham 4 , Ong Meng Chuan 1
Affiliation  

Due to increasing regulations on the production and consumption of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the global use of PFAS substitutes increased tremendously, posing serious environmental risks owing to their bioaccumulation, toxicity, and lack of removal strategies. This review summarized the spatial distribution of alternative PFAS and their ecological risks in global freshwater and marine ecosystems. Further, toxicological effects of novel PFAS in various freshwater and marine species were highlighted. Moreover, degradation mechanisms for alternative PFAS removal from aquatic environments were compared and discussed. The spatial distribution showed that 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 CI-PFAES, also known as F-53B) was the most dominant emerging PFAS found in freshwater. Additionally, the highest levels of PFBS and PFBA were observed in marine waters (West Pacific Ocean). Moreover, short-chain PFAS exhibited higher concentrations than long-chain congeners. The ecological risk quotients (RQs) for phytoplankton were relatively higher >1 than invertebrates, indicating a higher risk for freshwater phytoplankton species. Similarly, in marine water, the majority of PFAS substitutes exhibited negligible risk for invertebrates and fish, and posed elevated risks for phytoplanktons. Reviewed studies showed that alternative PFAS undergo bioaccumulation and cause deleterious effects such as oxidative stress, hepatoxicity, neurotoxicity, histopathological alterations, behavioral and growth abnormalities, reproductive toxicity and metabolism defects in freshwater and marine species. Regarding PFAS treatment methods, photodegradation, photocatalysis, and adsorption showed promising degradation approaches with efficiencies as high as 90%. Finally, research gaps and future perspectives for alternative PFAS toxicological implications and their removal were offered.

中文翻译:


PFAS 替代品不为人知的故事:深入了解水生环境中的发生情况、生态毒理学影响和去除策略



由于对传统全氟烷基物质和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 生产和消费的监管日益严格,全球 PFAS 替代品的使用大幅增加,由于其生物累积性、毒性和缺乏去除策略,造成了严重的环境风险。本综述总结了替代 PFAS 的空间分布及其在全球淡水和海洋生态系统中的生态风险。此外,还强调了新型 PFAS 对各种淡水和海洋物种的毒理学影响。此外,还比较和讨论了从水生环境中替代性去除 PFAS 的降解机制。空间分布表明,6:2 氯化多氟醚磺酸盐(6:2 CI-PFAES,也称为 F-53B)是淡水中发现的最主要的新兴 PFAS。此外,在海水(西太平洋)中观察到 PFBS 和 PFBA 含量最高。此外,短链 PFAS 的浓度高于长链同类物。浮游植物的生态风险商(RQ)比无脊椎动物相对较高>1,表明淡水浮游植物物种的风险较高。同样,在海水中,大多数 PFAS 替代品对无脊椎动物和鱼类的风险可以忽略不计,但对浮游植物的风险却较高。审查的研究表明,替代 PFAS 会发生生物蓄积,并对淡水和海洋物种造成有害影响,如氧化应激、肝毒性、神经毒性、组织病理学改变、行为和生长异常、生殖毒性和代谢缺陷。在PFAS处理方法方面,光降解、光催化和吸附是很有前景的降解方法,效率高达90%。 最后,提出了替代 PFAS 毒理学影响及其去除的研究差距和未来前景。
更新日期:2023-12-23
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