Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a novel principle for interpreting precise spatiotemporal coordination in living cells through biomolecular condensate (BMC) formation via dynamic aggregation. LLPS changes individual molecules into membrane-free, droplet-like BMCs with specific functions, which coordinate various cellular activities. The formation and regulation of LLPS are closely associated with oncogenesis, tumor progressions and metastasis, the specific roles and mechanisms of LLPS in tumors still need to be further investigated at present. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the conditions of LLPS and identify mechanisms involved in abnormal LLPS in cancer processes, including tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis from the perspective of cancer hallmarks. We have also reviewed the clinical applications of LLPS in oncologic areas. This systematic summary of dysregulated LLPS from the different dimensions of cancer hallmarks will build a bridge for determining its specific functions to further guide basic research, finding strategies to intervene in LLPS, and developing relevant therapeutic approaches.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤发生、肿瘤进展和转移的相分离：癌症标志概览


液-液相分离（LLPS）是一种新原理，通过动态聚集形成生物分子凝聚体（BMC）来解释活细胞中精确的时空协调。 LLPS 将单个分子转变为具有特定功能的无膜、液滴状 BMC，协调各种细胞活动。 LLPS的形成和调控与肿瘤发生、肿瘤进展和转移密切相关，LLPS在肿瘤中的具体作用和机制目前仍需进一步研究。在这篇综述中，我们全面总结了LLPS的情况，并从癌症标志的角度识别了癌症过程中异常LLPS的机制，包括肿瘤生长、转移和血管生成。我们还回顾了 LLPS 在肿瘤领域的临床应用。从癌症标志的不同维度对失调的 LLPS 进行系统总结，将为确定其具体功能搭建桥梁，进一步指导基础研究、寻找干预 LLPS 的策略以及开发相关的治疗方法。