Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2023-12-15 , DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00620-3 Lisa Jo Melnyk 1 , James M Lazorchak 1 , Daniel H Kusnierz 2 , Gary D Perlman 3 , John Lin 1 , Raghuraman Venkatapathy 4 , Devi Sundaravadivelu 4 , Jonathan Thorn 5 , James Durant 6 , Katherine Pugh 7 , Michael A Stover 8
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Background
Restoration efforts have led to the return of anadromous fish, potential source of food for the Penobscot Indian Nation, to the previously dammed Penobscot River, Maine.
Objective
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Penobscot Indian Nation’s Department of Natural Resources (PINDNR), and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), measured contaminants in six species of anadromous fish. Fish tissue concentrations were then used, along with exposure parameters, to evaluate potential human and aquatic-dependent wildlife risk.
Methods
PINDNR collected, filleted, froze, and shipped fish for analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dioxins/furans, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Contaminant levels were compared to reference doses (where possible) and wildlife values (WVs).
Results
Chemical concentrations ranged from 6.37 nanogram per gram (ng/g) wet weight (ww) in American Shad roe to 100 ng/g ww in Striped Bass for total PCBs; 0.851 ng/g ww in American Shad roe to 5.92 ng/g ww in large Rainbow Smelt for total PBDEs; and 0.037 ng/g ww in American Shad roe to 0.221 ng/g ww in Striped Bass for total dioxin/furans. PFAS concentrations ranged between 0.38 ng/g ww of PFBA in Alewife to 7.86 ng/g ww of PFUnA in Sea Lamprey. Dioxin/furans and PFOS levels indicated that there are potential human health risks. The WV for mink for total PCBs (72 ng/g) was exceeded in Striped Bass and the WV for Kestrel for PBDEs (8.7 ng/g) was exceeded in large Rainbow Smelt. Mammalian wildlife consuming Blueback Herring, Striped Bass, and Sea Lamprey may be at risk based on PFOS WVs from Canada.
Impact
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Anadromous fish returning to the Penobscot River potentially could represent the restoration of a major component of tribal traditional diet. However, information about contaminant levels in these fish is needed to guide the tribe about consumption safety. Analysis of select species of fish and risk calculations demonstrated the need for a protective approach to consumption for both humans and wildlife. This project demonstrates that wildlife can also be impacted by contamination of fish and their risks can be as great or greater than those of humans. A One Health approach addresses this discrepancy and will lead to a healthier ecosystem.
中文翻译：
对食用恢复溯河性鱼类的持久性有机化学品和 PFAS 进行 One Health 评估
背景
恢复工作导致溯河性鱼类（佩诺布斯科特印第安民族的潜在食物来源）返回缅因州先前筑坝的佩诺布斯科特河。
目的
美国环境保护署 （EPA）、佩诺布斯科特印第安民族自然资源部 （PINDNR） 和有毒物质和疾病登记局 （ATSDR） 测量了六种溯河性鱼类的污染物。然后使用鱼类组织浓度以及暴露参数来评估潜在的依赖人类和水生生物的野生动物风险。
方法
PINDNR 收集、切片、冷冻和运输鱼类，用于分析多氯联苯 （PCB）、多溴联苯醚 （PBDE）、二恶英/呋喃以及全氟和多氟烷基物质 （PFAS）。将污染物水平与参考剂量（在可能的情况下）和野生动物值 （WV） 进行比较。
结果
总 PCB 的化学浓度范围从美国鲥鱼子的 6.37 纳克/克 （ng/g） 湿重 （ww） 到条纹鲈鱼的 100 ng/g ww;美国鲥鱼籽的 0.851 ng/g ww 到大彩虹胡瓜鱼的 5.92 ng/g ww（总 PBDE）;对于总二恶英/呋喃，美国鲥鱼子的 0.037 ng/g ww 到条纹鲈鱼的 0.221 ng/g ww。PFAS 浓度范围在 Alewife 中 PFBA 的 0.38 ng/g ww 到海七鳃鳗的 PFUnA 的 7.86 ng/g ww 之间。二恶英/呋喃和全氟辛烷磺酸水平表明存在潜在的人类健康风险。条纹鲈鱼超过了水貂对总 PCB 的 WV （72 ng/g），而大型彩虹胡瓜鱼超过了 PBDE 的红隼的 WV （8.7 ng/g）。根据来自加拿大的 PFOS WV，食用蓝背鲱鱼、条纹鲈鱼和海七鳃鳗的哺乳动物野生动物可能面临风险。
冲击
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返回佩诺布斯科特河的溯河性鱼类可能代表着部落传统饮食主要组成部分的恢复。然而，需要有关这些鱼中污染物水平的信息来指导部落的食用安全。对选定鱼类物种的分析和风险计算表明，需要对人类和野生动物采取保护性食用方法。该项目表明，野生动物也会受到鱼类污染的影响，其风险可能与人类一样大或更大。“同一个健康”方法解决了这一差异，并将带来一个更健康的生态系统。
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