The deep-level characteristics (e.g., personality, ability, values) of leaders have previously been found to influence key outcomes for followers, organizations, and more. However, many widely used measures of these deep-level characteristics (e.g., self-reported Likert scales) cannot be implemented when studying high-ranking leaders due to a lack of direct access to those types of leaders. In light of this challenge, scholars have developed indirect, unobtrusive measures to capture these deep-level characteristics. In this review, we examine the four overarching approaches prior scholars have used to indirectly measure leaders’ deep-level characteristics—language, visual media, financials, and personal factors—and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Based on the patterns found, we also suggest avenues for future research.

中文翻译：

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无法访问？没问题！盘点高管深层次特征的低调措施


此前已发现领导者的深层特征（例如个性、能力、价值观）会影响追随者、组织等的关键成果。然而，在研究高级领导者时，由于无法直接接触这些类型的领导者，许多广泛使用的这些深层特征的衡量标准（例如，自我报告的李克特量表）无法实施。鉴于这一挑战，学者们制定了间接、不引人注目的措施来捕捉这些深层特征。在这篇综述中，我们研究了先前学者用来间接衡量领导者深层特征的四种总体方法——语言、视觉媒体、财务和个人因素——并讨论了每种方法的优点和缺点。根据发现的模式，我们还建议了未来研究的途径。